Respiratory, Urinary, Reproductive, Digestive Flashcards
1
Q
What is a carina?
A
It is a ridge of cartilage found internally at the junction of the bifurcation of the trachea into the primary bronchi.
2
Q
The larynx is also called the _______?
A
voice box
3
Q
How many cartilages are there in the larynx?
A
9
4
Q
Name 9 of the Laryngeal Cartilages and how many of those cartilages would a human have.
A
epiglottis (1), thyroid cartilage (1), cricoid cartilage (1), arytenoid cartilages (2), corniculate cartilages (2) and cuneiform cartilages (2).
5
Q
What part of the Respiratory System is the Adam’s Apple?
A
Thyroid Cartilage
6
Q
Which is the largest cartilage in the Respiratory System?
A
Thyroid Cartilage
7
Q
Between the Thyroid cartilage and trachea is the ring-shaped cartilage called
A
Cricoid Cartilage
8
Q
What covers the laryngeal opening during swallowing
A
Epiglottis
9
Q
How long is the trachea
A
12.5 cm length; 2.5 cm diameter
10
Q
What is the trachea composed of
A
16-20 U-shaped Cartilaginous Rings
11
Q
True or False
Do the Cartilaginous Rings open posteriorly?
A
True
12
Q
Where is the trachea located?
A
It is anterior to the esophagus and extends from the larynx to the superior border of the 5th thoracic verterbrae.
13
Q
Tell me something about the lungs.
A
The lungs are large, soft, paired organs in the thoracic cavity. All parts of the respiratory system beyond the primary bronchi are contained within the lungs.
14
Q
Each lung extends from and to?
A
Each lung Each lung extends from the diaphragm (base) to a point just above the clavicle (apex).
15
Q
The mediastinal surface contains the _________ through which pulmonary vessels, nerves, and bronchi pass.
A
Hilum
16
Q
There are _ lobes in the Right Lung. Name all the lobes.
A
3; Superior, Middle, Inferior
17
Q
There are _ lobes in the Left Lung. Name all the lobes.
A
2; Superior and Inferior
18
Q
What divides the superior lobes from the inferior lobes?
A
Oblique Fissures
19
Q
On the Right Lobe, the lower part of the _________ Fissure separates the middles from the inferior lobe.
A
Oblique
20
Q
The middle and the inferior lobes are separated by the __________ Fissure.
A
Horizontal
21
Q
Where is the cardiac notch located?
A
It can be found as the indentation of the left lobe (due to the presence of the heart).
22
Q
What are pleural cavities and name them.
A
Fluid filled space that surrounds the lungs; Visceral and Parietal
23
Q
_________ is a collection of air outside the lung but within the pleural cavity.
A
Pneumothorax
24
Q
How does a molecule of oxygen get through the Bronchial Pulmonary System.
A
Bronchopulmonary Tree: Trachea, Primary Bronchi, Secondary Bronchi, Tertiary Bronchi, Bronchioles, Terminal Bronchioles
Bronchopulmonary Trunk: Bronchioles, Terminal Bronchioles, Respiratory Duct, Alveolar Sac
Alveolar Sac: Terminal Branch, Respiratory Bronchiole, Alveolar Duct, Alveoli
25
How far do. the lungs extend and to which structures?
Each lung extends from the diaphragm (base) to a point just above the clavicle (apex).
26
What are structures found through the diaphragm?
The Esophagus, Inferior Vena Cava, and the Aorta (this is why the three holes in the diaphragm are named as they are)
27
Differentiate nasopharynx from oropharynx and from laryngopharynx.
The region posterior to the nasal cavity is known as the nasopharynx.
The region posterior to the oral cavity is the oropharynx and the region posterior to the larynx is the laryngopharynx.
The oropharynx and laryngopharynx both have digestive functions. Whereas the nasopharynx is only respiratory.
28
What are the functions of the larynx?
Functions: Provide patent air flow; Route food or fluid to the esophagus, air to the trachea or lungs; Produce vocal sounds (phonation).
29
What is found inside the larynx?
Vocal cords
30
Mediastinum is found in between the _________.
Lungs
31
Describe the superior border of the mediastinum.
Superior: top Part, superior to the heart
Superiorly, the mediastinum is bounded by the superior thoracic aperture or the thoracic inlet.
32
Know that as you move down the passageways, you get less and less _____. Cartilage is there to keep the passageways ______, but when you get into the respiratory terminal bronchioles, you don’t have any cartilage there, it's in the larger openings. Respiratory bronchi don't have any cartilage because they're ______. As _______ Bronchi will have cartilage, bronchioles will have a small amount of cartilage but not very much.
arteries
open
small
Tertiary
33
Name at least 2 functions of the Urinary System.
Regulates the blood volume and blood pressure by adjusting the volume of water lost in the urine
Contributes to the stabilization of blood pH
Conserves valuable nutrients
Eliminates organic waste products from blood
Synthesizes calcitriol
Assists the liver in detoxifying poisons
Contributes to the functioning of the body metabolism
34
The Urinary System consists of which structures? And how many of each do we have?
2 kidneys, 2 ureters, 1 urinary bladder, 1 urethra
35
Describe the order of how drainage takes place
Pyramids
Papilla
Minor Calyx
2-3 Major Calyx
Renal Pelvis
Ureter
36
Renal Sinuses are filled with what?
Fat
37
Where are the pyramids located and what is found between those pyramids to separate them?
Medulla; Renal Columns
38
What is the most up-to-date number of pyramids?
8-18
39
What are the glands associated with the kidneys?
The adrenal glands. They are superior to but do not adhere to the kidneys
40
What is the functional unit of the the kidneys?
Nephrons
41
What are the passageways of the urine from the kidneys through the entire system?
Filtrate from the glomerulus drains into the following
Proximal convoluted tubule to descending loop of Henle to ascending loop of Henle to descending convoluted tubule to collecting duct to papillary duct, and finally to the calyxes
42
What does a nephron consist of?
Renal corpuscle (glomerulus Bowman’s capsule) + Renal tubules = Nephron
43
What are the functions of the Nephrons?
Filtering the blood
Returning useful substances back to the blood
Removing unwanted substances from the body
Maintain the homeostasis of the body
44
The structures that run out of the kidneys are?
ureter, renal artery and vein and nerve
45
What are the dimensions of the kidneys?
10-12cm/ 4-4.7 in length 5-7.5cm 2-3in wide 2.5cm/ 1in thick
46
Where do the right and left kidneys sit? And in which vertebrae?
Right kidney is slightly lower than left because of the liver.
Right: sits between T12-L3 Left: sits at T11-L2
47
What are the different arteries and where do they run in the kidneys?, Where is their passageway? Name and describe.
Renal Artery,
Segmental Arteries
Interlobar Arteries
Arcuate Arteries
Cortical Radiate Arteries
Afferent Arterioles
Glomerulus
Efferent Arterioles
Peritubular Capillaries
Cortical Radiate Veins
Arcuate Veins
Interlobar Veins
Renal Vein
IVC
48
What are the minor calyxes? Where are they? And how do they fit into the structure?
At the base of each pyramid is a renal papilla, urine passes from the papilla to the minor calyx. Each papilla has its own minor calyx which then drains into a major calyx etc.
48
Know location of kidneys and where the hilus is, and what enters and exits
Kidneys' Location: the posterior abdominal wall, are encased and protected by peri renal fat
Hilus/hilum' Location: the medial aspect of the kidney.
What enters and exits: the renal pelvis goes to the ureter, and its arteries and veins that enter and exit the kidney are found in the hilum
49
Where is the bladder located with respect to the structural location?
True pelvis
50
What is the difference between the ureters and the urethra?
Ureters: Take urine from the kidney to the bladder
Urethra: runs from the kidneys to the bladder, 3-4cm/1.5 in in length in females. Held in place by fibrous connective tissue. The external urethral orifice is located between the vaginal orifice and the clitoris
In males, the urethra is 20cm/8 in in length. And consists of 3 segments: prostatic membranous, and spongy
51
Where is the vestibule in the female reproductive system?
Between the labia minora folds is the vestibule homologous to the membranous urethra.
52
What are the different parts of the fallopian tube and where it enters into the uterus
The different parts of the Fallopian tube are the
Infundibulum- distal end of the Fallopian Tube
Fimbriae- little finger-like projection
Ampula-2/3rds of the lateral part of the tube
Isthmus-as it nears and attaches to the uterus it becomes narrower, shorter, and the walls thicken
Ovaries -> Fimbriae -> Infundibulum -> Ampulla (longest and where the fertilization takes place) -> Isthmus
53
Homologous structures between and female are:
Labia Majora = Scrotum
Labia Minora = Spongy (penile) urethra
Clitoris = Glans penis
Paraurethral glands (Skene’s) glands = Prostate gland
Bartholin (Greater Vestibular) = Bulbourethral glands
54
What is the uterus' composition, location, size?
Uterus is composed of smooth muscle. It is composed of 2 fallopian tubes, oviducts or uterine tubes, infundibulum, fimbriae, ampula, and isthmus.
It projects anteriorly and superiorly over the bladder and sits between the rectum and the bladder. It has the same size and shape of an inverted pear. 7.5 cm long, 5 cm wide, 2.5 thick. It is larger in a child bearing female and much smaller in old women.
55
Name the ligaments of the uterus and the ovary
Broad Ligament is a double fold of peritoneum
Mesovarium, a portion of the broad ligament that suspends the ovaries
Ovarian Ligament attach the ovaries to the uterus
Suspensory Ligaments attach the ovaries to the pelvic wall
Uterosacral Ligaments connect the uterus to the sacrum
Cardinal Ligaments are inferior to the broad ligament and extend from the pelvic wall to the cervix and vagina
Round Ligaments are bands of fibrous connective tissue between the broad ligament, extending from a point on the uterus to the labia majora.
56
What are the external genitalia of females?
Mons Pubis (pad of fat)
Labia Majora (inferior to the mons pubis are these folds; covered by pubic hair and contains adipose, sebaceous oil glands and apocrine or sweat glands
Labia Minora (more folds of skin deep to the labia majora)
Vestibule
Clitoris
Vaginal Orifice
Paraurethral (Skene’s)
Bartholin (great vestibular) glands
57
What are the mammary glands with respect to where they are, and what type of glands they are, the different types of ligaments they have?
Mammary glands are located anterior to the pectoralis major and serratus anterior muscles while the tail of the gland projects in the axilla. They are modified sudoriferous glands.
58
What is the cremaster muscle?
The cremaster muscle is associated with the spermatic cord and is composed of skeletal muscle. It raises and lowers the testis in order to control its temperature.
59
What is the dartos muscle in the male?
The scrotum and scrotal septum which separates the testis is made up of smooth muscle called the Dartos Muscle.
60
Follow the order of which different structures fall in the reproductive system
The fundus is dome shaped and on the top
Body and uterine cavity make up the most part of the uterus
Bottom part of the uterus is cervix, it bulges out in the vagina ( projects inferiorly and posteriorly to vagina
Narrowing between uterus and cervix is internal os. Between cervix and vagina is external os
Facilitates passage of sperm in uterus
61
Know the bulb and urethra glands location and where they attach
The root of the penis attaches proximally and consists of the bulb of the penis, that is a continuation of the base of the corpus spongiosum and the crura of the penis.
Urethra gland: inferior to the prostate gland (bulbourethral gland)
62
Know what the first spermatic cord and what it consists of.
The spermatic cord is the structure that runs between the testes and the internal sex organs of the male. It contains the ductus differences, testicular arteries and veins and testicular nerves.
63
Tunica vaginalis(outer covering) and tunica algubina (outside of tunica vaginalis) (therefore tunica algubina comes _____ and tunica algubina is ________ to that and forms the trebeculae) (tunica vaginalis makes the _______)
first
internal
septum
64
Know what the corpus spongiosum produces and what the structures are made from?
It forms the glans penis and bulbs of the penis.
65
Know the passageway for the sperm and ovum
Sperm is stored in the epididymis, sperm emties to the urethra
uvum= passageway is through the fallopian tubes
66
Know what makes up the ejaculatory ducts
The seminal vesicles and the distal end of the ampullas of ductus vas deferens forms a 2 cm ejaculatory duct
67
Know where the different structures are, where the prostate and uterus is, where is it compared to the other structures
The uterus sits behind the bladder
The prostate gland is inferior to the bladder and surrounds the prostate urethra, its the size of a ping pong ball and secretes milky, slightly acidic fluid. It is donut-shaped
68
Know the different tonsils and their locations.
Palatine (2) (within the pharyngeal folds within either side of the oral cavity) and Lingual tonsils (posterior aspect of the tongue).
69
Know where the glands are located, which gland is located where?
Salivary Glands (3 pairs each): Parotid, Submandibular, Sublingual
Liver: fills most of the upper right abdominal quadrant immediately below the diaphragm between ribs 5-9; it extends to the left as far as the apex of the heart (7-8 cm left of midline).
Pancreas: lies posterior to the greater curvature of the stomach. It has a head that sits within the curvature of the duodenum, a body that tapes to the left, and a tail that reaches as far as the spleen.
70
Know what makes up the walls of the oral cavity
Tongue
Salivary Glands: Parotid, Submandibular, Sublingual
Teeth
Muscles of Mastication
The oral cavity is everything between the lips and posterior wall of the pharynx.
Boundaries of the oral cavity consist of:
Lips (Anteriorly)
Pharynx (posteriorly)
Hard Palate: Maxilla (anteriorly) and Palatine (posteriorly)
Tongue (floor of the oral cavity)
Vestibule (between teeth and lips)
71
Know what the accessory organs are and what makes it up.
Teeth, Tongue, Gallbladder
Glands: Salivary Glands, Liver, Pancreas
72
Know where the bile comes from, where it's stored and how it gets into the small intestines
*Bile is needed to break down fat.
The Liver produces and secretes bile.
The Gallbladder stores and concentrates bile.
The Pancreas produces and secretes its enzymes.
The bile passes through the cystic duct which joins in common hepatic ducts to form a common bile duct. The common bile duct joins the pancreatic duct to form hepatopancreatic duct which enters the duodenum (first part of the small intestine).
73
Know where digestion begins.
Digestion begins when you put something in your mouth.
74
Know all about Plica Circulares, what it is and where it's found.
Lining the walls of the intestines from the duodenum to the middle of the ileum are circular folds called Plica Circulares.
75
Know the different parts of the stomach, where food enters and exits.
Esophageal Sphincter
Cardia (entrance or vestibule of the stomach)
Fundus (superior dome-shaped structure touching the diaphragm; stores undigested foods and gases released from the chemical digestion.
Body (main and largest part of the stomach)
Pyloric Antrum (tapers down and connects to the small intestine)
Pyloric Canal
Pyloric Sphincter (thick ring of muscle that acts as a valve or controls food passage)
76
Know all the different ducts between the liver and the pancreas and the gallbladder and the small intestine.
Right and Left Hepatic Ducts carrying bile from the liver join to form the Common Hepatic Duct. The Common Hepatic Ducts joins with the Cystic Duct carries bile from Gallbladder to form the Common Bile Duct. The Common Bile Duct joins the Pancreatic Duct from the Pancreas to form the Hepatopancreatic Duct which enters the Duodenum.
77
Know what rugae are and where it is found
Mucosa and submucosa form large longitudinal folds in an empty stomach
78
Know the order of both small and large intestines
Small Intestines
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Large Intestines
Caecum
Ileocecal valve
Vermiform Appendix
Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Rectum
Anal Canal
79
Know how the liver is composed and what holds it in place. What are the ligaments of the liver?
4 Lobes: Right lobe (6x larger), Left lobe, Caudate, Quadrate
Falciform Ligament: separating the right and left lobes
Coronary Ligament: anchoring the liver to the abdominal wall
Hepatic Portal Vein and Artery
Hepatic and Cystic Duct
80
Know what the uvula is and what it does and where it is
During swallowing, the uvula flips up to prevent food from entering the nasal cavity. Extending down from the soft palate is the uvula.
81
Know what all the different sphincters of the digestive system are
Esophageal Sphincter: controls the passage of food entering the stomach
Pyloric Sphincter: stomach to duodenum
Ileocecal Valve: between ileum and cecum
Internal (smooth muscle) Sphincter
External (skeletal muscle) Sphincter
82
Know all about the peritoneum and what the peritoneum is called in the different areas
The peritoneum is the serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity (National Institutes of Health).
Greater Omentum is a part of the Peritoneum (equal to the pleural membrane in the lungs or the pericardial membrane). It resembles “cheesecloth” and covers the organs and protects them. It infiltrates Adipose Tissue.
Mesentry is part of the Peritoneum that encases and holds the jejunum and ileum to the posterior wall of the abdomen.
83
Know where the pancreas is and its differents parts, and what is holding it in place
Retroperitoneal (outside or behind the peritoneum) and is 12-15 cm long and 2.5 cm thick, lies posterior to the greater curvature of the stomach.
Head (sits within the curvature of the duodenum)
Body (tapes to the left)
Tail (reaches as far as the spleen)
Pancreatic Duct (running the length of the pancreas)
Hepatopancreatic Ampulla (Pancreatic Duct + Common Bile Duct)
84
Know what the Vestibule of the Oral Cavity is.
Vestibule is the space between the teeth and the lips.
85
Know the large intestine with respect to the bulges, where the appendix is in relationship to the large intestines
The bulges are the saccule or haustra formed because the taenea coli is too short.
Vermiform Appendix (8 cm) can vary in its length and can vary in which direction it is pointing.
86
Know where the teniae coli is specifically.
Running from the external surface of the caecum to the sigmoid colon is a longitudinal muscular band called Teniae Coli is shorter than the length of the colon so it forms a series of sacculations called haustra. Hanging off the teniae coli are globules of fat called epiploic appendages.
87
Know what makes up the anal canal
The anal canal is at the distal end of the rectum. It extends 4 cm below the pelvic diaphragm and deviates posteriorly at right angles from the rectum. It has smooth (internal sphincter) and skeletal (external sphincter) muscles.
