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Viral Pathogenesis And Infection > Respiratory Tract Infections: Viral Infection > Flashcards

Respiratory Tract Infections: Viral Infection Flashcards

1
Q

What are host defences to protect against respiratory viruses?

A

Mucus
Cilia
Dendritic cells
Alveolar macrophages

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2
Q

What bacteria cause pharyngitis/ tonsillitis?

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

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3
Q

What viruses can cause pharyngitis/tonsillitis?

A

Adenovirus, rhinovirus, influenza, herpes simplex, HIV, EPB

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4
Q

What is an upper respiratory tract infection?

A

Infectious mononucleosis
Most commonly caused by Epstein Barr virus
Can also be caused by cytomegalovirus, HIV seroconversion and toxoplasmosis

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5
Q

What is lower respiratory tract?

A

Inflammation of the lower airways
Pneumonia is quite frequent

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6
Q

What are viral causes of lower respiratory tract infections?

A

Influenza
RSV
SARS-CoV-2

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7
Q

What are diagnostics for respiratory?

A

Laboratory testing e.g. nose/throat swab
Lateral flow
PCR

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8
Q

What are the four types of influenza virus?

A

A - infect humans and animals
B - seasonal epidemics
C - can infect humans and pigs but infections are generally mild
D - primarily affect cattle and are not known to infect or cause illness in people

Flu A and B are most circulating types

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9
Q

What is the genome in influenza?

A

In repeat segments - part of the orthomyxoviridae family

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10
Q

Why are you susceptible to re-infection by some acute viral infections?

A

Short lived immunity, become immunocompromised etc.
Immune escape mechanisms e.g. antigenic drift, antigenic shift, recombination

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11
Q

What is antigenic drift?

A

Error prone replication , more prominent in RNA viruses e.g. RSV and influenza A virus

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12
Q

What is antigenic shift?

A

Via reassortment, segmented viruses

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13
Q

What is influenza pathogenesis?

A

Viral replication in epithelial cells
Multi focal destruction and desquamation of epithelium of trachea and bronchi
Recruitment of pro-inflammatory neutrophils and macrophages
Air spaces fill with oedema, blood

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14
Q

What is prevention of influenza?

A

Live attenuated seasonal influenza vaccine (children)
Inactivated seasonal influenza vaccine (adults)

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15
Q

What is treatment for influenza?

A

Neurominidase inhibitors - prevents release of influenza virion from host cell (oseltamivir, zanamivir)
Cap-dependent endonuclease inhibitor - inhibits viral replication (baloxavir)

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16
Q

What is RSV virology?

A

Enveloped -ve ssRNA
3 surface glycoproteins (small hydrophobic (SH), fusion (f), attachment (G))

17
Q

What is RSV pathogenesis?

A

Attachment to host cell via receptors (e.g. CX3CR1)
Fusion with cell membrane
Viral entry
Syncytia formation
Viral replication
Spread to lower respiratory tract
Cell death, epithelial necrosis

18
Q

What is RSV clinical presentation in children?

A

Bronchiolotis
Short history cough, low grade fever, difficulty breathing

19
Q

What is RSV clinical presentation in adults?

A

URTI, viral-induced wheeze, acute exacerbation of asthma, pneumonitis

20
Q

What are risk factors of RSV?

A

Extremes of age
Congenital heart/lung disease
Infants born with low material antibody titre
Immunodeficiency
Exposure to smoke/air pollution

21
Q

What is prevention of RSV?

A

Palivizumab - monoclonal antibody
Nirsevimab - monoclonal antibody
RSV vaccine - mRNA and protein vaccines

22
Q

What is treatment for RSV?

A

Ribavirin - guanosine analogue which inhibits viral genome replication
IVIG - limited evidence for efficacy, except when given in combination with ribavirin for immunosuppresed patients

23
Q

What type of coronavirus is SARS-CoV-2

A

Beta coronavirus

24
Q

What jobs does spike attachment protein do?

A

Both the jobs of attachment and fusion

25
Q

What type of genome does SARS-CoV-2 have?

A

Enveloped, +ve ssRNA genome

26
Q

What is the receptor for SARS-CoV-2?

A

Angiotensin converting enzyme 2

27
Q

When are anti virals most useful?

A

Early infection when the virus is replicating

28
Q

What is prevention of SARS-CoV-2?

A

SARS-CoV-2 vaccine

29
Q

What are treatments for SARS-CoV-2?

A

Antivirals
Anti-inflammatory es
Supportive care - anti-coagulation and antibiotics

Viral Pathogenesis And Infection (16 decks)

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