respiratory tract infections Flashcards
what are most respiratory tract infections caused by
viruses
what are the major problems associated with influenza
secondary infections from influenza
people die from pneumonia
explain the host immunity in the upper and lower respiratory tracts
- saliva and mucous membranes of the nasal cavity
> designed to absorb viral particles and various bacteria
> antimicrobial peptide there too - lungs
> alveolar macrophages
why can’t you develop immunity against viruses even if you have had them before
they can radically change
name infections that occur in the upper respiratory tract
> sinusitis
tonsillitis
pharyngitis
what is rhinosinusitis
inflammation of sinuses and nasal cavity
more predisposed to build up to mucous in those areas so bacteria starts growing
what is the problem with getting antibiotics for tonsillitis
most of these infections are viral
antibiotic won’t treat the virus
gargling salt water / other methods are more effective
first port of call should be to self medicate
give 2 examples of viruses that cause respiratory tract infections
> rhinoviruses (100 antigenic types) cause mild symptoms in the common cold
> influenza virus = pharyngitis and lower respiratory tract infection
give an example of bacteria that causes respiratory tract infections
> streptococcus pyogenes causes 10-20% of cases of acute pharyngitis, sudden onset mostly in 5-10 years
name viruses that cause the common cold
rhinovirus
adenovirus
parainfluenza
name a virus that causes glandular fever
epstein barr virus
affects lymph nodes and the immune system
explain the pathogenesis of the common cold
- infection
- virus adsorbed
- viral replication
- virus shedding
- host defences activated
- overgrowth of bacterial commensals
- recovery
no idea how to question this or if it is even important but dont wanna be responsible for leaving it out so just check it out xoxox
Streptococcal sore throat
• S.Pyogenes (group A) causes approx 25% of sore throats
• 15-20% of children are asymptomatic carriers
• Group C and G streptococci occasional causes
• Cariogenic organism
• Lots of different streptococcus in the mouth
• Pathogenic organism
• Very adapted to causing disease
and this as well
Group A strep virulence factors • Pyrogenic exotoxins • Streptolysins • Hyaluronidase • M protein ○ Usually used to protect ○ Like a capsule
Exotoxins break up cell membranes
Nasty organism
name complications of streptococcal sore throat
- peri-tonsillar abscess
- otitis media or sinusitis
- scarlet fever
- rheumatic fever
- rheumatic heart disease
- acute glomerulonephritis
what is bronchitis
inflammation of the tracheobronchial tree
upper airways = airways decrease, constrict a little, remove mucous from upper airwasy
what is acute bronchitis
- Usually during winter months
* Most often viral
what is chronic bronchitis
• Productive cough on most days during at least • 3 months in each of 2 successive years • Affects 10-25% population • Predisposing ○ Smoking ○ Infection ○ Air pollution ○ Allergies • Viral and bacterial agents
what are the microorganisms that cause bronchitis
Viruses 90%
• Rhinovirus
• Influenza
• Adenovirus
Bacteria 10% • Bordatella pertusis ○ Causes whooping cough § Produces toxin § Constantly stimulates upper bronchial § Takes a lot of energy § Need to intubated and hospitalised § Can cause death
- Mycoplasma pneumoniae
- Chlamydia pneumoniae
- Haemophilus influenzae
how can bronchitis be treated
Decongestants, NSAIDs, antibiotics (only with bacteria) where appropriate
what is mycobacterium tuberculosis
• New infection every second • 1/3rd of entire global population infected ○ 1% of population infected every year • 3million deaths per year ○ 8 million symptomatic • Causes 25% of preventable deaths • Most pre-eminent fatal disease ○ Predicted by 2020 § 1 billion infected § 200 million § 35 million deaths • Lots of unnecessary deaths • People don’t know they have it = asymptomatic
how is M. tuberculosis protected
lipid outer cell wall protects it
what is the treatment and prevention of myobacterium tuberculosis
• Triple therapy ○ Streptomycin ○ Para-aminosalicyclic acid ○ Isoniazid • Long term ○ 6 months every day twice a day • DOTS - Directly Observed Treatment Short course ○ Microscopy services ○ Drug supplies ○ Surveillance ○ Political commitment ○ Monitoring systems • 95% cure rate ○ Need to know somebody has got it ○ Migrant populations could be bringing it • Prevents transmission
tuberculosis
pls check the orange box from the lecture lol sorry there’s too many words for me to be bothered typing it but maybe remind me and i might feel more up to it lol unlikely but remain optimistic peace out x
what is pneumonia
an inflammatory condition of the lung especially affecting the microscopic air sacs (alveoli)
