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BDS2 - respiratory system > respiratory tract infections > Flashcards

respiratory tract infections Flashcards

1
Q

what are most respiratory tract infections caused by

A

viruses

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2
Q

what are the major problems associated with influenza

A

secondary infections from influenza

people die from pneumonia

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3
Q

explain the host immunity in the upper and lower respiratory tracts

A
  • saliva and mucous membranes of the nasal cavity
    > designed to absorb viral particles and various bacteria
    > antimicrobial peptide there too
  • lungs
    > alveolar macrophages
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4
Q

why can’t you develop immunity against viruses even if you have had them before

A

they can radically change

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5
Q

name infections that occur in the upper respiratory tract

A

> sinusitis
tonsillitis
pharyngitis

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6
Q

what is rhinosinusitis

A

inflammation of sinuses and nasal cavity

more predisposed to build up to mucous in those areas so bacteria starts growing

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7
Q

what is the problem with getting antibiotics for tonsillitis

A

most of these infections are viral
antibiotic won’t treat the virus
gargling salt water / other methods are more effective

first port of call should be to self medicate

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8
Q

give 2 examples of viruses that cause respiratory tract infections

A

> rhinoviruses (100 antigenic types) cause mild symptoms in the common cold

> influenza virus = pharyngitis and lower respiratory tract infection

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9
Q

give an example of bacteria that causes respiratory tract infections

A

> streptococcus pyogenes causes 10-20% of cases of acute pharyngitis, sudden onset mostly in 5-10 years

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10
Q

name viruses that cause the common cold

A

rhinovirus
adenovirus
parainfluenza

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11
Q

name a virus that causes glandular fever

A

epstein barr virus

affects lymph nodes and the immune system

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12
Q

explain the pathogenesis of the common cold

A
  • infection
  • virus adsorbed
  • viral replication
  • virus shedding
  • host defences activated
  • overgrowth of bacterial commensals
  • recovery
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13
Q

no idea how to question this or if it is even important but dont wanna be responsible for leaving it out so just check it out xoxox

A

Streptococcal sore throat
• S.Pyogenes (group A) causes approx 25% of sore throats
• 15-20% of children are asymptomatic carriers
• Group C and G streptococci occasional causes
• Cariogenic organism
• Lots of different streptococcus in the mouth
• Pathogenic organism
• Very adapted to causing disease

and this as well

Group A strep virulence factors
• Pyrogenic exotoxins 
• Streptolysins 
• Hyaluronidase 
• M protein
	○ Usually used to protect 
	○ Like a capsule

Exotoxins break up cell membranes
Nasty organism

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14
Q

name complications of streptococcal sore throat

A
  • peri-tonsillar abscess
  • otitis media or sinusitis
  • scarlet fever
  • rheumatic fever
  • rheumatic heart disease
  • acute glomerulonephritis
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15
Q

what is bronchitis

A

inflammation of the tracheobronchial tree

upper airways = airways decrease, constrict a little, remove mucous from upper airwasy

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16
Q

what is acute bronchitis

A
  • Usually during winter months

* Most often viral

17
Q

what is chronic bronchitis

A 
• Productive cough on most days during at least
• 3 months in each of 2 successive years
• Affects 10-25% population
• Predisposing 
	○ Smoking 
	○ Infection 
	○ Air pollution
	○ Allergies 
• Viral and bacterial agents
18
Q

what are the microorganisms that cause bronchitis

A

Viruses 90%
• Rhinovirus
• Influenza
• Adenovirus

Bacteria 10%
• Bordatella pertusis 
○ Causes whooping cough
	§ Produces toxin
	§ Constantly stimulates upper bronchial
	§ Takes a lot of energy
	§ Need to intubated and hospitalised
	§ Can cause death
  • Mycoplasma pneumoniae
  • Chlamydia pneumoniae
  • Haemophilus influenzae
19
Q

how can bronchitis be treated

A

Decongestants, NSAIDs, antibiotics (only with bacteria) where appropriate

20
Q

what is mycobacterium tuberculosis

A 
• New infection every second 
• 1/3rd of entire global population infected
	○ 1% of population infected every year
• 3million deaths per year
	○ 8 million symptomatic 
• Causes 25% of preventable deaths 
• Most pre-eminent fatal disease
	○ Predicted by 2020
		§ 1 billion infected 
		§ 200 million
		§ 35 million deaths 
• Lots of unnecessary deaths
• People don’t know they have it = asymptomatic
21
Q

how is M. tuberculosis protected

A

lipid outer cell wall protects it

22
Q

what is the treatment and prevention of myobacterium tuberculosis

A 
• Triple therapy 
	○ Streptomycin 
	○ Para-aminosalicyclic acid
	○ Isoniazid 
• Long term
	○ 6 months every day twice a day
• DOTS - Directly Observed Treatment Short course
	○ Microscopy services
	○ Drug supplies 
	○ Surveillance 
	○ Political commitment 
	○ Monitoring systems
• 95% cure rate 
	○ Need to know somebody has got it 
	○ Migrant populations could be bringing it 
• Prevents transmission
23
Q

tuberculosis

A

pls check the orange box from the lecture lol sorry there’s too many words for me to be bothered typing it but maybe remind me and i might feel more up to it lol unlikely but remain optimistic peace out x

24
Q

what is pneumonia

A

an inflammatory condition of the lung especially affecting the microscopic air sacs (alveoli)

25
Q

what is the causes of pneumonia

A

typically caused by an infection but multi-factorial

  • bacteria
  • viruses
  • fungi
  • parasites
26
Q

what are the clinical features of pneumonia

A
  • sudden or insidious onset
  • fever, rigors, malaise
  • shortness of breath, rapid shallow breathing, cyanosis
  • cough producing purulent sputum
  • consolidation of lungs on clinical and radiographic examination
  • hospitalised, cannot get out of bed
  • deep down in the lungs cough
  • mucous plugs with blood witin
27
Q

name a community acquired pneumonia causes and a hospital acquired pneumonia causes

A

community
> streptococcus pneumoniae

hospital
> staphyloccus aureus

28
Q

why does intubation cause infection

A

oral hygiene will not be so good when intubated so the mouth is a complete source of infection and you are breathing in the microorganisms

29
Q

what is the main causative agent in bacterial pneumonia

A

Streptococcus pneumonia

30
Q

why is encapsulated bacterial infections good at avoiding immune system

A

has a capsule
phagocyte cannot engulf it
good at hiding

31
Q

what is the clinical management

A 
antibiotics plus hospitalisation	
Depends on organism
○ Beta-lactams, erythromycin, quinolones 
	§ Treat with these 
○ Pre-antibiotic era
	§ 35% mortality
	§ More died without the antibiotic but don’t take for a viral throat infection as this limits the strains so it becomes more use when it is actually needed then
○ Resistance

• Vaccination
Works but then the strain changes and they aren’t vaccinated against
Organisms always more adapted
○ 23 different stereotypes
○ Conjugate vaccines of polysaccharides and proteins appear efficacious, with proper clinical intervention

32
Q

explain legionnaire’s disease

A

transmission
> inhalation of aerosols from contaminated water
> aspiration of oropharyngeal colonised bacteria

symptoms
> initially influenza like which progresses to a severe pneumonia
> other features include mental confusion, renal failure and GI symptoms

diagnosis
> culture and identificaton or demonstration in tissue or body fluids by immunofluoresence or DNA probes
> measurement of antibody levels
> chest radiograph

therapy
> erythromycin is drug of choice
> unresponsive to penicillin

case mortality
> 5% = treated patients
> 20-30% in untreated healthy patients
> 24% in treated immunocompromised patietns
> 80% in untreated immunocompromised patietns

33
Q

what are the characteristics of influenza

A

> types A,B,C
diameter = 80-120nm
Pleiomorphic, spherical, filamentous particles
Single stranded RNA
Segmented genome, 8 segments in A and B
Hemagglutinin and neuraminidase on surface of virion

BDS2 - respiratory system (4 decks)

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