respiratory test Flashcards

Question

Thyroid cartilage

Answer 1

Characteristic triangle shape to anterior wall (adams apple)

Answer 2

Cartilage that projects upward behind the tongue and hyoid bone and moves up and down during swallowing

Answer 3

Borders circoid cartilage and serves as points of attachment for vocal cords Narrowest part of an adult airway but bigger in children Circoid cartilage is the narrowest part of a pediatric airway

Answer 4

Cartilaginous ring to support the airway that opens posteriorly to allow the esophagus to expand to allow air to get from the outside to the lungs

Answer 5

Prinamry brochi has two routes- left with a 45-degree angle and right with a 25-degree angle Secondary bronchi stems into 3 on the right and two on the left Tertiary bronchi are the alveolar ducts and alveoli and the cartilage decreases with size and absent in tertiary bronchioles and smooth muscle increases

Answer 6

Subjective feeling of discomfort when a person can't inhale enough air Severe is accompanied by nasal flaring and accessory muscle use Orthopnea is SOB when supine due to pooling blood in the lungs Cyanosis is due to large amounts of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood

Answer 7

Common cold is caused by a viral infection of the URT thats spread through resp droplets either inhaled or touch Signs and symptoms: red mucous membrane of nose/pharynx, copious water discharge, mouth discharge, change in tone, cough from irritation of discharge

Answer 8

Bacterial infection to a cold or allergy that's obstructed drainage of one or more of the paranasal sinuses causing a buildup leading to severe pain

Answer 9

Viral infection common between children ages 1-2 that begins as an upper resp condition with nasal congestion and cough. The larynx and subglottic area become inflamed with swelling and exudate causing a braking cough, hoarse voice, and stridor Treat with cool, moist air

Answer 10

Acute bacterial infection in children between 3-7 that causes swelling of the larynx, supragottic area, and epiglottis with a rapid onset and fever and sore throat develop as the child wont swallow so excessive drooling is present

Answer 11

Developed as an acute infection in the lungs or secondary to another resp/systemic condition from organisms entering the lungs via inhalation or aspiration A risk of aspiration or inflammation in the lung when the fluid pools or cilia are reduced Classified as viral, bacterial, or fungal

Answer 12

Infection localized to one or more lobes

Answer 13

Diffuse pattern of infection in both lungs more so in the lower lobes

Answer 14

Caused by influenza and respiratory viruses that begins with inflammation of the musoca of URT then moves into the lungs

Answer 15

Infection affecting the lungs primarily but can also affect other organs that is transmitted by oral droplets released from a person with active infection inhaled into the lungs Primary infection- when microorganisms enter the lungs that creates small area of necrotic tissue on the lungs that stays dormant as long as the immune system stays strong Secondary infection- arises when immune system is down creating large areas of necrosis in lung tissues forming open areas and erosion into the bronchi and blood vessels

Answer 16

gram negative bacteria that thrives in warm, moist environments

Answer 17

Viral and involves interstitial inflammation around the alveoli

Answer 18

Genetic disorder that results in thick mucus secretion in the lungs that obstructs airflow in the bronchioles causing air trapping and damage to alveoli as well as infections from the stagnant mucus

Answer 19

Passage of foreign material into the trachea or lungs where the right lower lobes is the most commonly affected Solids can cause a complete airway obstruction and a collapse of the area distal to the obstacle Fluids cause severe inflammation leading to narrowing of airways and increased secretions making the lungs difficult to expand, impairing gas exchange if alveoli are affected

Answer 20

Progressive tissue degeneration and obstruction of the airways causing irreversible damage to the lungs, and debilitating conditions like asthma, emphysema, and bronchitis

Answer 21

Periodic episodes of severe bronchial obstruction that can be acute or chronic and triggered by an inhaled antigen (extrinsic) or respiratory infections, exposure to cold, exercise, drugs, and stress (intrinsic)

Answer 22

Destruction of alveolar walls leading to large permanently inflated alveolar spaces that is contributed by factors like genetic deficiency or smoking

Answer 23

Significant changes to bronchi from constant irritation, smoking, or exposure to pollutants with irreversible effects resulting in inflammation and obstruction to bronchi, repeated infections, and chronic coughing

Answer 24

Blood clot/mass of materials obstructing pulmonary artery/ branch blocking blood flow through lung tissue and effects largely depend on the size and location of the clot

Answer 25

Excess fluid in the pleural cavity more often involving one lung but can involve both inflammation/ swelling of pleural membranes (pleurisy) may follow The fluid creates higher pressures preventing normal lung expansion leading to atelectasis

Answer 26

A restrictive disorder secondary to injury like sepsis, shock, burns, aspiration, and smoke inhalation that occurs 1-2 days after the injury and associated with multiple organ dysfunction

Answer 27

Result of many pulmonary disorders and occurs when there are inadequate O2/CO2 levels for the body's needs at rest affecting the CNS and respiratory control factors ending in respiratory arrest

Answer 28

Medulla has sensors in the nervous system to detect changes in PO2, PCO2, and pH PCO2 acts on chemoreceptors that are sensitive to CO2 changes in arterial blood and when stimulated from increased PCO2 results in faster breathing and greater volumes of air moving in and out of the lungs. When stimulated for decreased PCO2 it results in inhibition of medulla rhythmicity and slows respirations

Answer 29

Impulses from motor area of the brain to respiratory center can increase/decrease respirations voluntarily but eventually the automaticity of the system will take over when CO2 levels rise in the blood and involuntary breathing is resumed

Answer 30

Coordinates actions of medulla for a smooth breathing center that has stimulating neurons and inhibitory neurons to start/ block actions to increase/decrease the rate and depth of inspiration based on chemical/pressure levels Homeostatic balance of rate and depth of respirations

Answer 31

Controls rhythmic nature of breathing Inspiratory center is the pacemaker of the respiratory control center that depolarizes and send impulses via phrenic nerve in diaphragm and intercostal nerves to the intercostal muscles Expiratory center is when deeper expiration is needed that is not involved during normal breathing and impulses are sent to intercostals and abdominal muscles to aid in the expiration

Answer 32

More than 2/3 of blood is transported this way (65-70%) in the form of bicarbonate ions (HCO3) CO2 dissolves in plasma and some molecules bind with H2O to form carbonic acid while others dissociate to form H+ and bicarbonate ions. More CO2 means higher levels pof carbonic acid pulling the system towards bicarbonate formation so more CO2 can dissolve in plasma increasing CO2 carrying capacity of the blood

Answer 33

Small amounts of CO2 dissolved in plasma and is transported as a solute (10% is transported this way) and the dissolved CO2 produces the PCO2 of blood plasma

Answer 34

25-35% of CO2 in blood unites with hemoglobin CO2 combines with HB and creates carbaminohemoglobin and the higher the PCO2 levels accelerate the binding process and the lower PCO2 levels slows this process

Answer 35

Lungs have a decreased ability to keep alveoli open due to fluid in the lungs so CPAP works to hold the alveoli open with positive pressure through the respiratory cycle so O2 and CO2 can diffuse normally