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Human Physiology > Respiratory System - Unit 4 > Flashcards

Respiratory System - Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the Respiratory System?

A
  • Ventilation
  • Transport
  • External Respiration
  • Internal Respiration
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2
Q

What is External and Internal Respiration?

A
  • External respiration: Gas exchange between air in the lungs and blood
  • Internal respiration: Gas exchange between the
    blood and tissues
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3
Q

What makes up the Thoracic Wall?

A
  • Thoracic vertebrae, ribs, costal cartilages,
    sternum and associated muscles
  • Thoracic cavity: space enclosed by thoracic wall and diaphragm
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4
Q

Explain what Pleura is.

A
  • Parietal pleura: adherent to the internal thoracic wall
  • Visceral pleura: adherent to lung. Simple squamous epithelium, serous.
  • Pleural cavity: surrounds each lung and is formed by the pleural membranes. Filled with pleural fluid.
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5
Q

What is Ventilation?

A

Movement of air into and out of the lungs. Requires a pressure gradient. Has 2 phases:
- Inspiration
- Expiration

The movement of air depends upon:
- Pressure Relationships in the thoracic cavity
- Boyle’s Law

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6
Q

What is Atmospheric Pressure (Patm)?

A

All the air that we breathe will all components in it.
- Respiratory pressure is always described relative to atmospheric pressure (Patm).

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7
Q

What is Intra-Alveolar pressure (Palv)?

A

Pressure within the alveoli

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8
Q

What is Pleural Pressure (Ppl)?

A

Pressure within the pleural cavity

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9
Q

Explain Pressure Relationships in the thoracic cavity.

A
  • Intra-alveolar pressure and Pleural pressure fluctuate with the phases of breathing.
  • Intra-alveolar pressure always eventually equalizes itself with atmospheric pressure.
  • Pleural pressure is always less than intra-alveolar pressure and atmospheric pressure.
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10
Q

What is Boyle’s Law?

A

The relationship between the pressure and volume of gases. Pressure and Volume have an inverse relationship.
- As volume increases, pressure decreases
- As volume decreases, pressure increases

Volume changes depend on the movement of the diaphragm and ribs

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11
Q

What is Inspiration?

A
  • The lungs are stretched and intra-alveolar volume increases. (because the lungs are attached to the thoracic wall)
  • Intra-alveolar pressure drops below atmospheric pressure.
  • Air flows into the lungs down its pressure gradient until intra-alveolar pressure = atmospheric pressure.
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12
Q

What is Expiration?

A
  • Thoracic cavity volume decreases
  • Lungs recoil passively and intra-alveolar volume decreases
  • Intra-alveolar pressure increases above atmospheric pressure
  • Gases flow out of the lungs down the pressure gradient until intra-alveolar pressure is equal to the atmospheric pressure
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13
Q

What happens to the Diaphragm and External Intercostal muscles during Inspiration and Expiration?

A

During Inspiration, the diaphragm muscle flattens out and pushes abdominal contents in the inferior direction. The external intercostal muscles cause the ribs to rise.
- Both causes the increase in volume and decrease of pressure within the lungs.

During Expiration, the muscles relax and contents return to normal

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14
Q

What is Labored Breathing? What muscles are involved in labored breathing?

A

Breathing that requires observed effort or an increased amount of energy.
- Inspiratory muscles: pectoralis minor, scalenes
- Expiratory muscles: internal intercostals, abdominal wall muscles

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15
Q

What is Spirometry?

A

It measures volumes of air that move into and out of the respiratory system. Involves a spirometer.

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16
Q

What is Tidal Volume (TV)?

A

The volume of air inspired and expired with each normal breath (normal quiet breathing)
- 500mL of air on average

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17
Q

What is Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)?

A

The volume of air forcefully inspired above and beyond normal tidal inspiration. (breathing in as hard as you can)
- 3000mL of air average

18
Q

What is Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)?

A

The volume of air forcefully expired above and beyond normal tidal expiration. (breathing out as hard as you can)
- 1100mL of air on average

19
Q

What is Residual Volume (RV)?

A

The volume of air remaining in respiratory passages after forceful expiration (the air remaining after forcefully breathing out)
- 1200mL constant

20
Q

What is Dead Space?

A

Part of the respiratory system that does not take place in gas exchange (conducting zone structures)

21
Q

Explain Anatomical Dead Space (ADS).

A

Normal Dead Space. Rate: 150mL

22
Q

Explain Alveolar Dead Space (AlvDS).

A

Volume of any alveoli in which gas exchange is less than normal. (When someone is unhealthy!)

23
Q

Explain Physiological Dead Space (PDS).

A

Anatomical Dead Space + Alveolar Dead Space

24
Q

What is Minute Ventilation Rate (MVR)?

A

The total air moved into and out of the respiratory system each minute.

MVR = TV * RR
Average is 6L/min

(TV: Tidal Volume)
(RR: breaths per min)

  • MVR tells us the amount of air moved into and out of the lungs/min but does NOT measure the amount of air available for gas exchange.
25
Q

What is Alveolar Ventilation Rate (AVR)?

A

The Volume of air available for gas exchange per minute

AVR = RR * (TV-PDS)

(TV: Tidal Volume)
(RR: breaths per min)
(PDS: Physiological dead space)

26
Q

What is the total number of Atmospheric Pressure (Patm)? What are the main gasses that make up Atmospheric Pressure?

A

760mmHG

  • Nitrogen 79%
  • Oxygen 21%
  • Carbon Dioxide 0.04%

Patm = Pn2+Po2+Pco2

27
Q

What is Total Pressure?

A

The sum of individual pressures of each gas in a given volume.

28
Q

What is Partial Pressure?

A

The pressure an individual gas exerts within a mixture. The total pressure of a gas is the sum of all the partial pressures in the mixture.
- Partial pressure is the pressure exerted by an individual gas within a mixture of gases.

29
Q

What is the Partial Pressure of Nitrogen? How do we find it?

A

Total Atmospheric Pressure is 760mmHG
Nitrogen is 79% of the Atmospheric Pressure

760 X 0.79 ~ 600mmHG

30
Q

What is the Partial Pressure of Oxygen? How do we find it?

A

Total Atmospheric Pressure is 760mmHG
Oxygen is 21% of the Atmospheric Pressure

760 X 0.21 ~ 160mmHG

31
Q

What is the Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide? How do we find it?

A

Total Atmospheric Pressure is 760mmHG
Carbon Dioxide is 0.04% of the Atmospheric Pressure

760 X 0.0004 ~ 0.3mmHG

32
Q

Diffusion of gases through the respiratory membrane depends upon…

A
  • Dalton’s Law
  • Henry’s Law
  • Membrane thickness: Thicker = the lower the diffusion rate
  • Surface area
33
Q

What is Dalton’s Law?

A

Gas moves from an area of higher partial pressure to an area of lower partial pressure.
* Normally, partial pressure of oxygen is higher in alveoli than in blood. Opposite is usually true for carbon dioxide
* Can change partial pressure of a gas by changing ventilation

34
Q

What is Henry’s Law?

A

Tells us the likelihood of a gas to diffuse into a liquid
* How soluble the gas is; related to its partial pressure
* Based on the chemical characteristics of the gas

35
Q

Why is the air that reaches the alveoli different from atmospheric air?

A
  • It has been warmed and humidified ( contact with the nasal mucosa)
  • There is contact movement of gases between the atmosphere and alveoli (ventilation)
36
Q

Explain Oxygen transport in the blood.

A

Oxygen moves from the alveoli into the blood (at the pulmonary capillaries) via External Respiration (due to partial pressure gradients)

Oxygen then moves from blood (at tissue capillaries) into the tissues. via Internal Respiration.

There will always be a Partial Pressure gradient for Oxygen!

37
Q

Explain Carbon Dioxide transport in the blood.

A

Carbon Dioxide is made in the tissues as a by-product of metabolism.
- It moves from tissues into blood (at tissue capillaries). Via Internal Respiration.
- It then moves from blood (at pulmonary capillaries) into the alveoli for removal from the body. Via External Respiration.

Carbon Dioxide is transported as:
- bicarbonate ions
- carbaminohemoglobin
- in solution with plasma

There will always be a Partial Pressure gradient for Carbon Dioxide!

38
Q

How is Hemoglobin involved with Oxygen Transport?

A

When oxygen diffuses into the blood it binds to hemoglobin.
- Hemoglobin carries oxygen through blood vessels to the tissues.

Hemoglobin is 100% saturated with O2 when 4 O2 molecules are bound to it in the blood.
- At partial pressure, hemoglobin is 98% saturated

39
Q

What is the Medullary Respiratory Center?

A
  • Dorsal groups stimulate the diaphragm
  • Ventral groups stimulate the intercostal and abdominal muscles
40
Q

What is the Pontine Respiratory Group?

A
  • Involved with switching between inspiration and expiration

Human Physiology (8 decks)

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