RESPIRATORY SYSTEM PATHO Flashcards
what does V/Q ratio measures
V/Q measures the efficiency and adequacy of these two process
what does V/Q mismatch mean
V/Q mismatch means the amount of ventilation is not equal to the amount of perfusion
name 2 raspatory disease caused by genetic factors
cystic fibrosis
asthma
name 4 resp disease caused by smoking
lung cancer, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, susceptible to infection
name 2 resp disease cause by air pollution
chronic bronchitis, susceptible to infection
name 4 resp diseases caused by occupation
pneumoconiosis- coal miners lungs
asbestosis
mesothelioma
lung cancer
name 4 resp diseases caused by infection
influenza
measles
pneumonia
tuberculosis
what is cystic fibrosis
when the airway has thick ,sticky mucous blocks the airway.
widened airway blood in mucous
bacterial infection
many abnormality’s may predispose to respiratory infections, name these in relation to:
1.loss of cough reflex
2.ciliary defects
3.mucous disorders
4.immunosuppression
5.pulmonary oedema
1.loss of cough reflex- coma, enaesthesia, neuromuscular disorders, surgery, stroke
2.ciliary defects- loss of cilia in smoking, tumors
3.mucous disorders- cystic fibrosis, chronic bronchitis
4.immunosuppression- HIV, loss of B/T lymphocytes
5.pulmonary oedema- flooding of alveoli due to heart failure
what is bronchitis, and where does it effect
bronchitis is an inflammation of the airway in the lungs caused by an infection
it effects the trachea, larynx, lungs
what are the symptoms of bronchitis
cough, dyspnoea, tachypnoea, excessive production of sputum
what is a common exacerbation of acute bronchitis
COPD cause a sudden deiteriation in pulmonary function with cough and purulent sputum
1.what is bronchopneumonia
2.traget audience
3. characteristics
4. risk
1.bronchonumonia is when the inflamed bronchioles and bronchi spreads to the alveoli.
2. old age, infants, patients with cancer, heart failure ,stroke
3. identified by crackles on auscultation
4.paitents become septicemic
what is pneumonia
pneumonia is alveolar inflammation, polymorphs and later lymphocytes and macrophages appear in great numbers in bloodstream.
usually due to infection affecting distal airways with formation of inflammation exudate
streptococcus aureus
causes of pneumonia
bacteria, viruses, fungi, pericytes
symptoms of pneumonia
runny nose, fatigue and muscle aches, productive cough, sore throat, sweats and chills, grey/blueish chills, chest pain
1.what is tuberculosis
2.who has a high risk of falling ill
1.TB is caused by bacteria and often affects the lungs. it is spread through the air
2. immunocompromised patients, malnutrition, diabetes, smokers
symptoms of tuberculosis
blood cough, fever, chest pain, chills, long term cough, weight loss, fatigue, night sweats
what is pulmonary embolism
PE is a condition where one or more emboli is clogged by a blood clot usually arising from a blood clot in the veins. most common cause is from DVT in the lower limbs
what is a major risk factors for pulmonary embolism
current/previous DVT or PE
active cancer, recent surgery, lower limb trauma, pregnancy, the pill, obesity, 60+ years, immobility
what is COPD
irreverable, progressive and debilitating airflow obstruction and progressive raspatory symptoms
symptoms of COPD
aged 35+, exertional breathlessness, chronic/recurrent cough, regular sputum production
COPD pathophysiology
chronic inflammation ,exudate and swelling causes damage to connective tissue that support the structure of alveoli of lungs.
airways and alveoli lose elasticity, walls are destroyed
severe hypoxia and hypercapnia can lead to resp failure
what is chronic bronchitis
mucous hypersecretion with bronchial mucous gland hypertrophy
chronic bronchitis will eventually cause
right heat failure (corpulmonale)
what is emphysema
enlargement and dilation of aveolar airspaces with destruction of elastin in their walls, resulting in the inability to have gaseous exchange, associated with chronic bronchitis
emphysema causes
progressive dyspnoea, weight loss and right heart failure, cough and sputum, recurrent infections with dyspnoea and purulent sputum
asthma characteristics
acute airway inflammation, bronchoconstriction, bronchiole oedema, mucous production this causes airway narrowing
what causes asthma and
what exacerbates asthma
genetics, environmental factors
exercise, occupational exposure, drug induced, weather changes, viral resp infections
