Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology > Respiratory System: Mechanical Properties Of The Lung And Chest Wall: Static And Dynamic > Flashcards

Respiratory System: Mechanical Properties Of The Lung And Chest Wall: Static And Dynamic Flashcards

0
Q

Composed of two or more volumes

A

Capacity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Total volume of air that can be contained in the lung

A

Total lung capacity (TLC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Many lung volumes are measured with a

A

Spirometer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Volume of air that is moved with each quiet breathing

A

Tidal volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Total volume of exhaled air, from a maximal inspiration to a maximal exhalation

A

Vital capacity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Is the air remaining in the lung after complete exhalation

A

Residual volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Is the sum of VC and RV

A

Total lung capacity (TLC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Volume of air that can be moved
A. Vital capacity
B. Residual volume
C. Tidal volume

A

A. Vital capacity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Volume of air that is always present
A. Vital capacity
B. Residual volume
C. Tidal volume

A

B. Residual volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Is the volume of air in the lung at the end of exhalation during quiet breathing

A

Functional residual capacity (FRC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Is composed of residual volume (RV) and expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

A

Functional residual capacity (FRC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The volume of air that can be exhaled from functional residual capacity (FRC) to residual volume (RV)

A

Expiratory reserve volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Ratio used to distinguish different types of diseases

A

RV / TLC ratio

In normal individuals - usually less than 0.25

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Elevated RV/TLC ratio, secondary to an increase in RV out of proportion to any increase in TLC is seen in individuals with

A

Obstructive pulmonary diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

An elevated RV/TLC ratio caused by a decrease in TLC occurs in individuals with

A

Restrictive lung diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

T or F

In the absence of external forces the lung will become almost airless.

A

T, 10% of TLC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

In the absence of the lung parenchyma, the volume of the chest wall is approximately (?)% of TLC

A

60

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Lung volumes are determined by the balance between the (1) and the (2)

A

(1) lung’s elastic properties

(2) properties of the muscles of the chest wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The maximum volume of air within the lung and chest wall is controlled by the muscles of (inspiration / expiration).

A

Inspiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

As the muscles lengthen, their ability to generate force (increases / decreases)

A

Decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Occurs when the inspiratory chest wall muscles are unable to generate the additional force to further distend the lung and chest wall
A. VC
B. FRC
C. TLC

A

C. TLC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

T or F

Minimal volume of air in the lung (i.e. RV) is controlled by inspiratory muscle force.

A

F, expiratory muscle force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Occurs when expiratory muscle force is insufficient to further reduce chest wall volume
A. Vital capacity
B. Residual volume
C. Tidal volume

A

B. Residual volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Is determined by the balance between inward recoil and outward recoil
A. VC
B. FRC
C. TLC

A

B. FRC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

T or F

When the chest muscles are weak, FRC increases (lung elastic recoil < chest wall muscle force)

A

F, decreases (lung elastic recoil > chest wall muscle force)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

In the presence of airway obstruction, FRC (increases / decreases)

A

Increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

True about lung compliance
A. Is a measure of the elastic properties of the lung
B. Is a measure of how easily the lung is distended
C. Is defined as the change in lung volume resulting from 1-cm H2O change in the distending pressure of the lung
D. B and C
E. All are true

A

E. All are true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

(High / Low) lung compliance refers to a lung that is readily distended
(High / Low) lung compliance is a lung that is not readily distended

A

High

Low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

T or F

The compliance of a normal human lung is always about 0.2 L/cm H2O regardless of lung volume.

A

F, not always because it varies with lung volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

The lung is (more or less) distensible at high lung volumes

A

Less

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

True about emphysema except
A. An obstructive lung disease
B. Disease usually of smokers
C. Destruction of alveolar septa and pulmonary capillary bed
D. Lung is noncompliant
E. Every 1-cm H2O increase in pressure, the increase in volume is greater than in normal

A

D. Lung is non compliant

It is compliant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

True about pulmonary fibrosis except
A. Restrictive lung disease
B. Increased collagen fiber deposition in interstitial space
C. Lung is noncompliant
D. Every 1-cm H2O increase in pressure, the increase in volume is greater than in normal
E. All are true

A

D. Every 1-cm H2O increase in pressure, the increase in volume is greater than in normal

The increase in volume is less

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Separates the lung and the chest wall

A

Pleural space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Pressure changes across the lung and across the chest wall are defined as

A

Transmural pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Is defined as the pressure difference between the alveolar pressure and the pleural pressure
A. Transpulmonary pressure
B. Transmural pressure across the chest wall
C. Pressure across the respiratory system

A

A. Transpulmonary pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

The lung requires (positive / negative) transpulmonary pressure to increase its volume, and the lung volume (increases / decreases) with increasing transpulmonary pressure

A

Positive, increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

T or F

The lung is totally devoid of air when the transpulmonary pressure is zero

A

F, is not totally devoid of air because of the surface tension-lowering properties of surfactant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Is the difference between pleural pressure and the pressure surrounding the chest wall
A. Transpulmonary pressure
B. Transmural pressure across the chest wall
C. Pressure across the respiratory system

A

B. Transmural pressure across the chest wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Pleural pressure is (positive / negative) relative to atmospheric pressure during quiet breathing, the transmural pressure across the chest wall is (positive / negative)

A

Negative, negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Is the sum of the pressure across the lung and the pressure across the chest wall
A. Transpulmonary pressure
B. Transmural pressure across the chest wall
C. Pressure across the respiratory system

A

C. Pressure across the respiratory system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Transmural pressure across the respiratory system at FRC is
A. 0
C. =0

A

C. =0

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

T or F
The resting volume of the chest wall is the volume at which the transmural pressure for the chest wall is 0, and it is approximately 60% of TLC

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

At volumes greater than 60% of TLC, the chest wall is recoiling (inward / outward), whereas at volumes less than 60% of TLC, the chest wall is recoiling (inward / outward)

A

Inward, outward

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

T or F

Further increases in transmural pressure produce significant change in volume

A

F, because the elastic limits of the lung have been reached - no change in volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Is the sum of the pleural pressure and elastic recoil pressure of the lung

A

Alveolar pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Is the pressure distending the lung

A

Transpulmonary pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Is the pressure tending to collapse the lung

A

Elastic recoil pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

T or F

There is airflow in the absence of a pressure gradient

A

F, no airflow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q
  • Is the volume of gas moved per unit of time

- is equal to the volume of gas moved with each breath times the number of breaths per minute

A

Minute ventillation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Pleural pressure in normal individuals before inspiration begins is approximately

A

-5 cm H2O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

The pressure in the pleural space is (positive / negative) relative to atmospheric pressure before inspiration begins.

A

Negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

T or F
Just before inspiration begins alveolar pressure is zero because with no gas flow, there is no pressure drop along the airways

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

When chest is opened the lungs recoils until the alveolar pressure pressure is (?) and the chest wall (increase / decrease) in size

A

Zero, increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Laminar flow is present at (high / low) flow rates

A

Low

Parallel to the airway walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Turbulence occurs at (higher or lower) flow rates

A

Higher

The flow is disorganized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Is the most important determinant of resistance

A

Radius of the tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q 
If the radius of a tube is reduced in half, the resistance will increase (?)-fold
A. 2
B. 4
C. 8
D. 16
A

D. 16

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q 
If length of the tube is increased 2-fold, the resistance will increase (?)-fold
A. 2
B. 4
C. 8
D. 16
A

A. 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Resistance is (directly / inversely) proportional to the fourth power of the radius, and it is (directly / inversely) proportional to the length of the tube and to the viscosity of the gas

A

Inversely, directly

Berne and Levy Physiology p.436

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q 
In turbulent flow, gas movement occurs
A. Parallel to the axis of the tube
B. Perpendicular to the axis of the tube
C. Both a and b
D. None
A

C. Both parallel and perpendicular to the axis

60
Q

Second major factor that determines rates of airflow in the airways

A

Airflow resistance

61
Q

The major site of resistance along the bronchial tree

A

Large bronchi

62
Q

T or F

The smallest airway contribute very little to the overall resistance of the bronchial tree

A

T

63
Q

Airflow velocity (increases / decreases) substantially as the effective cross-sectional area increases

A

Decreases

64
Q

T or F

Airway generations exist in series rather than in parallel

A

F, in parallel rather than in series

65
Q

T or F
As airway diameter decreases, the resistance offered by each individual airway increases, but the large increase in parallel pathway reduces the resistance at each generation of branching

A

T

66
Q

Airway resistance in healthy individuals is approximately

A

1 cm H2O/L sec

67
Q

T or F

Resistance to airflow decreases with increasing lung volume

A

T

68
Q

Factors that increase airway resistance except
A. Mucus
B. Edema
C. Contraction of bronchial smooth muscle
D. Low density gas

A

D.

Gas density rises and results in an increase in airway resistance

69
Q

A condition associated with increased airway resistance because of a combination of bronchospasm, airway inflammation and mucus

A

Status asthmaticus

70
Q

Efferent vagal fibers (increases / decreases) airway resistance and (increases / decreases) anatomic dead space

A

Increases, decreases

71
Q

Stimulation of sympathetic nerves and release of norepinephrine (stimulate / inhibit) airway constriction

A

Inhibit

72
Q

Reflex stimulation of the vagus nerve result in airway (constriction / dilatation) and coughing

A

Constriction

73
Q
  • A derivative of acetylcholine

- Used to diagnose airway hyperresponsivenes

A

Methacholine

74
Q

Airway obstruction develops in patient with asthma at much (higher / lower) concentrations of inhaled methacholine

A

Lower

75
Q

The total volume of air that is exhaled during a maximal forced exhalation from TLC to RV

A

Forced vital capacity (FVC)

76
Q

The volume of air exhaled in the first second during the maneuver

A

FEV1

77
Q 
In normal individuals, (1)% to (2)% of the FVC can be exhaled in the first second
A. 65% - 70%
B. 70% - 75%
C. 75% - 80%
D. 80% - 85%
A

C. 75% - 80%

78
Q

FEV1 / FVC ratio is (,=) 75% to 80% in normal adults

A

greater than

79
Q

FEV1/FVC ratio less than 75% suggest

A

Difficulty in exhaling because of obstruction

80
Q

As exhalation proceeds the resistive drop in pressure is (greater / less) than in normal individuals to that of individuals with lung disease.

A

Greater

81
Q

In individual with lung disease, at the start of exhalation, the driving pressure for expiratory gas flow is (,=) in a normal individual.

A

=

82
Q

Results in a less than maximal exhalation that is known as air trapping and produces an increase in lung volume

A

Premature airway closure

83
Q

Popping sound usually heard during inspiration on auscultation

A

Crackles/ rales

84
Q

T or F

Crackles are due to closing of airways during inspiration that opened during the previous exhalation

A

F, opening of airways that closed

85
Q 
Crackles can be due to the ff except
A. Mucus accumulation
B. Airway collapse
C. Fluid in airways
D. None
A

B.

Airway inflamation

86
Q

Acute and chronic lung diseases can change the expiratory flow-volume relationship by changes in the ff except
A. Static lung pressure
B. Airway resistance and distribution of resistance
C. Loss of mechanical tethering if intraparenchymal airways
D. All are correct
E. All are wrong

A

D.

+ changes in the stiffness or mechanical properties of the airways
+ differences in the severity of the aforementioned changes in various lung regions

87
Q

Dynamic compliance is always (,=) than/to static compliance and it (increases / decreases) during exercise

A

<, increase

88
Q

T or F
During tidal volume breathing, a small change in alveolar surface are is sufficient to bring additional surfactant molecules to the surface and the lung is more compliant

A

F, is insufficient , less compliant

89
Q

During exercise there are (small / large) changes in the tidal volume and (more / less) surfactant material is incorporated into air-liquid interface

A

Large, more

90
Q

T or F

Sighing or yawning increase dynamic compliance by increasing tidal volume and restoring the normal surfactant layer

A

T

91
Q

T or F

The dynamic compliance of the chest wall is significantly different from its static compliance

A

F

92
Q

Is required to overcome inherent mechanical properties of the lung

A

Work

93
Q

Is the most common cause of respiratory failure

A

Respiratory muscle fatigue

94
Q

Process in which gas exchange is inadequate to meet the metabolic needs of the body

A

Respiratory failure

95
Q

True about obstructive lung disease except
A. Airway resistance is elevated
B. Greater negative pleural pressure is needed to maintain normal respiratory flow rates
C. Increase in total inspiratory work
D. Increase in negative pleural pressure pressure during exhalation
E. All are correct

A

D, Increase in positive pleural pressure

96
Q

T or F

Only individuals with lung disease adopt respiratory patterns that minimize the work of breathing

A

Both normal individuals and those with lung disease

97
Q 
Work of breathing is also increased when
A. Deeper breaths are taken
B. When respiratory rate decreases
C. Both are correct
D. None
A

A

Respiratory rate increases

98
Q

T or F
Just before inspiration begins alveolar pressure is zero because with no gas flow, there is no pressure drop along the airways

A

T

99
Q

When chest is opened the lungs recoils until the alveolar pressure pressure is (?) and the chest wall (increase / decrease) in size

A

Zero, increase

100
Q

Laminar flow is present at (high / low) flow rates

A

Low

Parallel to the airway walls

101
Q

Turbulence occurs at (higher or lower) flow rates

A

Higher

The flow is disorganized

102
Q

Is the most important determinant of resistance

A

Radius of the tube

103
Q 
If the radius of a tube is reduced in half, the resistance will increase (?)-fold
A. 2
B. 4
C. 8
D. 16
A

D. 16

104
Q 
If length of the tube is increased 2-fold, the resistance will increase (?)-fold
A. 2
B. 4
C. 8
D. 16
A

A. 2

105
Q

Resistance is (directly / inversely) proportional to the fourth power of the radius, and it is (directly / inversely) proportional to the length of the tube and to the viscosity of the gas

A

Inversely, directly

Berne and Levy Physiology p.436

106
Q 
In turbulent flow, gas movement occurs
A. Parallel to the axis of the tube
B. Perpendicular to the axis of the tube
C. Both a and b
D. None
A

C. Both parallel and perpendicular to the axis

107
Q

Second major factor that determines rates of airflow in the airways

A

Airflow resistance

108
Q

The major site of resistance along the bronchial tree

A

Large bronchi

109
Q

T or F

The smallest airway contribute very little to the overall resistance of the bronchial tree

A

T

110
Q

Airflow velocity (increases / decreases) substantially as the effective effective cross-sectional area increases

A

Decreases

111
Q

T or F

Airway generations exist in series rather than in parallel

A

F, in parallel rather than in series

112
Q

T or F
As airway diameter decreases, the resistance offered by each individual airway increases, but the large increase in parallel pathway reduces the resistance at each generation of branching

A

T

113
Q

Airway resistance in healthy individuals is approximately

A

1 cm H2O/L sec

114
Q

T or F

Resistance to airflow decreases with increasing lung volume

A

T

115
Q

Factors that increase airway resistance except
A. Mucus
B. Edema
C. Contraction of bronchial smooth muscle
D. Low density gas

A

D.

Gas density rises and results in an increase in airway resistance

116
Q

A condition associated with increased airway resistance because of a combination of bronchospasm, airway inflammation and mucus

A

Status asthmaticus

117
Q

Efferent vagal fibers (increases / decreases) airway resistance and (increases / decreases) anatomic dead space

A

Increases, decreases

118
Q

Stimulation of sympathetic nerves and release of norepinephrine (stimulate / inhibit) airway constriction

A

Inhibit

119
Q

Reflex stimulation of the vagus nerve result in airway (constriction / dilatation) and coughing

A

Constriction

120
Q
  • A derivative of acetylcholine

- Used to diagnose airway hyperresponsivenes

A

Methacholine

121
Q

Airway obstruction develops in patient with asthma at much (higher / lower) concentrations of inhaled methacholine

A

Lower

122
Q

The total volume of air that is exhaled during a maximal forced exhalation from TLC to RV

A

Forced vital capacity (FVC)

123
Q

The volume of air exhaled in the first second during the maneuver

A

FEV1

124
Q 
In normal individuals, (1)% to (2)% of the FVC can be exhaled in the first second
A. 65% - 70%
B. 70% - 75%
C. 75% - 80%
D. 80% - 85%
A

C. 75% - 80%

125
Q

FEV1 / FVC ratio is (,=) 75% to 80% in normal adults

A

greater than

126
Q

FEV1/FVC ratio less than 75% suggest

A

Difficulty in exhaling because of obstruction

127
Q

As exhalation proceeds the resistive drop in pressure is (greater / less) than in normal individuals to that of individuals with lung disease.

A

Greater

128
Q

In individual with lung disease, at the start of exhalation, the driving pressure for expiratory gas flow is (,,=) in a normal individual.

A

=

129
Q

Results in a less than maximal exhalation that is known as air trapping and produces an increase in lung volume

A

Premature airway closure

130
Q

T or F
Just before inspiration begins alveolar pressure is zero because with no gas flow, there is no pressure drop along the airways

A

T

131
Q

When chest is opened the lungs recoils until the alveolar pressure pressure is (?) and the chest wall (increase / decrease) in size

A

Zero, increase

132
Q

Laminar flow is present at (high / low) flow rates

A

Low

Parallel to the airway walls

133
Q

Turbulence occurs at (higher or lower) flow rates

A

Higher

The flow is disorganized

134
Q

Is the most important determinant of resistance

A

Radius of the tube

135
Q 
If the radius of a tube is reduced in half, the resistance will increase (?)-fold
A. 2
B. 4
C. 8
D. 16
A

D. 16

136
Q 
If length of the tube is increased 2-fold, the resistance will increase (?)-fold
A. 2
B. 4
C. 8
D. 16
A

A. 2

137
Q

Resistance is (directly / inversely) proportional to the fourth power of the radius, and it is (directly / inversely) proportional to the length of the tube and to the viscosity of the gas

A

Inversely, directly

Berne and Levy Physiology p.436

138
Q 
In turbulent flow, gas movement occurs
A. Parallel to the axis of the tube
B. Perpendicular to the axis of the tube
C. Both a and b
D. None
A

C. Both parallel and perpendicular to the axis

139
Q

Second major factor that determines rates of airflow in the airways

A

Airflow resistance

140
Q

The major site of resistance along the bronchial tree

A

Large bronchi

141
Q

T or F

The smallest airway contribute very little to the overall resistance of the bronchial tree

A

T

142
Q

Airflow velocity (increases / decreases) substantially as the effective effective cross-sectional area increases

A

Decreases

143
Q

T or F

Airway generations exist in series rather than in parallel

A

F, in parallel rather than in series

144
Q

T or F
As airway diameter decreases, the resistance offered by each individual airway increases, but the large increase in parallel pathway reduces the resistance at each generation of branching

A

T

145
Q

Airway resistance in healthy individuals is approximately

A

1 cm H2O/L sec

146
Q

T or F

Resistance to airflow decreases with increasing lung volume

A

T

147
Q

Factors that increase airway resistance except
A. Mucus
B. Edema
C. Contraction of bronchial smooth muscle
D. Low density gas

A

D.

Gas density rises and results in an increase in airway resistance

148
Q

A condition associated with increased airway resistance because of a combination of bronchospasm, airway inflammation and mucus

A

Status asthmaticus

Physiology (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions