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Anatomy and Physiology > Respiratory System & Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Respiratory System & Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary function of the respiratory system?

A

To acquire oxygen and remove carbon dioxide from the blood.

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2
Q

Name the two regions of the respiratory tract.

A

Upper respiratory tract (nose to larynx) and lower respiratory tract (trachea to alveoli).

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3
Q

What are the two zones of the respiratory system?

A

Conducting zone (ventilation) and respiratory zone (gas exchange).

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4
Q

What is the role of the nasal cavity?

A

It cleans, humidifies, and warms air and houses the olfactory epithelium.

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5
Q

What are the three regions of the pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.

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6
Q

What prevents food from entering the larynx during swallowing?

A

The epiglottis.

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7
Q

What is the function of the trachea’s C-shaped cartilage rings?

A

To maintain an open airway.

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8
Q

What is the primary site of gas exchange in the respiratory system?

A

The alveoli.

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9
Q

What cells produce surfactant in the alveoli?

A

Type II pneumocytes.

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10
Q

What law explains the relationship between pressure and volume in the lungs?

A

Boyle’s Law.

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11
Q

What is the term for the amount of air exchanged during normal breathing?

A

Tidal volume

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12
Q

What structure separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities?

A

The diaphragm.

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13
Q

What is the role of the pleural fluid?

A

To lubricate and hold the pleural membranes together.

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13
Q

What is lung compliance?

A

The ease with which the lungs and thorax expand.

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14
Q

How is oxygen primarily transported in the blood?

A

Bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells.

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15
Q

What controls the basic rhythm of respiration?

A

The medulla oblongata.

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16
Q

What condition results from inflammation of the vocal cords?

A

Laryngitis.

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16
Q

What is the term for the maximum volume of air exhaled after a deep breath?

A

Vital capacity.

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17
Q

How does the body regulate blood pH through the respiratory system?

A

By exhaling carbon dioxide, which reduces acidity

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18
Q

What part of the brain is responsible for conscious control of breathing?

A

The cerebral cortex.

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19
Q

What are the main components of the lymphatic system?

A

Lymphatic vessels, lymphoid tissues, and lymphoid organs.

20
Q

What is the fluid in lymphatic vessels called?

A

Lymph.

21
Q

Name three functions of the lymphatic system.

A

Fluid balance, lipid absorption, and defense.

22
Q

What specialized lymph capillaries absorb dietary fats?

A

Lacteals.

23
Q

What structures filter lymph?

A

Lymph nodes.

24
Q

Which lymphatic duct drains most of the body?

A

The thoracic duct.

25
Q

What are Peyer’s patches?

A

Lymphoid tissue in the small intestine that prevents bacterial invasion.

26
Q

What organ is responsible for T cell maturation?

A

The thymus.

27
Q

What are the two distinct areas of the spleen?

A

White pulp (immune functions) and red pulp (removal of old RBCs).

28
Q

What are the primary lymphoid organs?

A

Bone marrow and thymus.

29
Q

What is the role of the tonsils?

A

To trap and destroy bacteria and particulate matter.

30
Q

What is innate immunity?

A

The non-specific defense mechanism that responds immediately to pathogens.

31
Q

What cells are responsible for antibody production?

A

B cells.

32
Q

What are the two pathways for complement activation?

A

Classical (adaptive) and alternative (innate).

33
Q

What is the function of interferons?

A

To prevent viral replication in neighboring cells.

34
Q

Name a phagocytic cell in the lungs.

A

Dust cells.

35
Q

What are the four signs of inflammation?

A

Redness, heat, swelling, and pain.

36
Q

What is the adaptive immune system characterized by?

A

Specificity, memory, and systemic action.

37
Q

What is the primary immune response?

A

The initial reaction to an antigen involving antibody production.

38
Q

What molecule is responsible for presenting antigens to T cells?

A

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC).

39
Q

What are the five classes of antibodies?

A

IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, and IgD.

40
Q

What cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity?

A

T cells.

41
Q

What is immunological memory?

A

The ability of the immune system to respond more rapidly to a previously encountered antigen.

42
Q

What is tolerance in the immune system?

A

The suppression of immune response to self-antigens.

43
Q

What causes autoimmune diseases?

A

The immune system attacking the body’s own tissues.

44
Q

What is hypersensitivity?

A

An exaggerated immune response to a harmless antigen.

45
Q

How do natural killer (NK) cells function?

A

By lysing virus-infected and tumor cells.

46
Q

What is the role of macrophages in immunity?

A

To engulf and digest pathogens and present antigens to T cells.

47
Q

What is the significance of the thymus in childhood?

A

It is active in T cell development and immune function.

48
Q

How do vaccines work?

A

By stimulating the immune system to create memory cells for specific antigens.

Anatomy and Physiology (1 decks)

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