Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microbiology Final Exam > Respiratory System Infections > Flashcards

Respiratory System Infections Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Streptococcal Pharyngitis

Causative Agent

A

Streptococcus pyogenes
Gram- positive coccus in chains
Beta hemolytic
Group A Streptococcus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Streptococcal Pharyngitis

Symptoms

A

Difficulty swallowing
Fever
Red throat with pus patches
Enlarged tender lymph nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Streptococcal Pharyngitis

Epidemiology and Pathogenesis

A

Epidemiology: Spread readily by respiratory droplets
Pathogenesis: Wide variety due to numerous virulence factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Streptococcal Pharyngitis

Treatment

A

Most recover uneventfully in a week
Strep throat with 10days of antibiotics
Penicillin or Erythromycin are drugs of choice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Streptococcal Pharyngitis

Complications and Secondary Sequelae

A

Complications: Scarlet Fever- erythrogenic toxin enters blood and circles causing red skin and white tongue coating & Quinsy- painful abscesses around tonsils
Secondary Sequelae: (Weeks after infection) Acute glomerulonephritis- skin infections and pharyngitis & Acute Rheumatic Fever- pharyngitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Diphtheria

Causative Agent

A 
Corynebacterium diphtheria
Variably shaped
Gram- positive
Non-spore forming
Certain strains produced by diphtheria toxin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Diphtheria

Symptoms

A

Mild sore throat, slight fever, fatigue, malaise and dramatic neck swelling
Whitish-greyish pseudomembrane on tonsils or nasal cavity (can detach to larynx and trachea)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Diphtheria

Epidemiology and Pathogenesis

A

Epidemiology: Humans as primary reservoir, Spread by air/ inhalation
Pathogenesis: Little invasive ability, Most strains release toxin, Production of toxin requires lysogenic conversion by bacteriophage, Toxin production in low Iron environments, exotoxin released into bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Diphtheria

Toxin

A

(A/B Toxin)
Released from bacteria in inactive form
Cleaved into A and B chains
B attaches to membrane and attaches through endocytosis
A is active enzyme that inhibits protein synthesis
Small enzyme amount inhibits protein synthesis through EF-2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Diphtheria

Prevention

A

Disease from toxin absorption
Prevention directed at immunization (DPT)
Immunity wanes after childhood (Booster every 10yrs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Diphtheria

Treatment

A

Effectiveness depends on early antiserum treatment
Antibiotics to eliminate bacteria (Penicillin and Erythromycin)
1/10 die

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Pinkeye, Earache, and Sinus Infections

Causative Agent

A 
Haemophilus influenza (Gram-negative bacillus)
Streptococcus pneumoniae (Gram-positive diplococci; pneumococcus)
Otitis media (Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Pinkeye, Earache, and Sinus Infections

Symptoms

A

Pinkeye: Increased tears and redness of conjunctiva, Swelling eyelids, Sensitivity to bright light, Large pus amount
Sinusitis: Pain and pressure, Tenderness, Headache, Severe malaise
Otitis media: Common in youth, Ear pain, Mild fever, Vomitting, Ear drum rupture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Pinkeye, Earache, and Sinus Infections

Pathogenesis

A

Pinkeye: Few details, Most likely airborne respiratory droplets, Resist destruction by lysoenzyme
Sinusitis: Infection of nasopharynx and spreads to sinuses
Otitis media: Develops time of conjunctivitis diagnosis, Infection of nasal chamber and nasopharynx, Ear drum often bursts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Pinkeye, Earache, and Sinus Infections

Prevention and Treatment

A

Pinkeye: Removal from school, Handwashing, Avoid rubbing/touching, Avoid shared towels; treatment by eyedrops or antibiotics
Sinusitis: No proven preventative measures, Decongestants and Antihistamines discouraged
Otitis media: Pneumococcal vaccine, Treatment by antibiotic therapy and Amoxicillin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Common Cold

Causative Agent

A 
30% to 50% caused by rhinovirus
Member of picornavirus family
Small
Singe stranded RNA
Acid labile
20% cause by coronavirus
Single stranded RNA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Common Cold

Symptoms

A 
Malaise
Scratchy mild sore throat
Runny nose
Cough and hoarseness
Nasal secretion (Initially water and later thick)
Symptoms disappear within week
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Common Cold

Epidemiology

A

Humans only source
Close contact necessary
Young children transmit easily
No relationship to cold exposure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Common Cold

Pathogenesis

A

Virus attaches to receptors in respiratory epithelial cells
Injured cells cause inflammation leading to symptoms
Infection halted by inflammatory response, interferon release, and immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Common Cold

Prevention and Treatment

A

Prevention: No vaccine, Handwashing, Keep hands away, Avoid crowds
Treatment: Ineffectual antibiotic therapy, Certain antiviral medications show promise, Treatment with over-the-counter medication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Adenoviral Pharyngitis

Causative Agent

A 
Adenovirus
45 types infect humans
Non-enveloped
Double stranded DNA genome
Infectious in environments for long time periods
Transmitted with medical instruments
Inactivated with heat and disinfectants
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Adenoviral Pharyngitis

Symptoms

A 
Runny nose
Fever
Sore throat
Tender lymph nodes 
Hemorrhagic conjunctivitis
Mild cough
Infection resolves 1-3weeks
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Adenoviral Pharyngitis

Epidemiology

A

Humans only source
Common in school children
Virus spread by respiratory droplets
Epidemic spread by high asymptomatic carriers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Adenoviral Pharyngitis

Pathogenesis

A

Virus infects epithelial cells
Attaches to specific receptors
Cells escape to surface
Cell destruction initiates inflammation
Diff virus affect diff tissues
Adenovirus type 4 causes sore throat and lymph enlargement
Adenovirus type 8 causes extensive eye infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Adenoviral Pharyngitis

Prevention and Treatment

A

Same as common cold
No treatment
Patients recover uneventfully

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Pneumococcal Pneumonia

Causative agen

A 
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Gram positive
Diplococci
Thick polysaccharide capsule
No Lancefield grouping
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Pneumococcal Pneumonia

Symptoms

A 
Cough
Chest pain
Runny nose
Fever
Spuptum production
28
Q

Pneumococcal Pneumonia

Epidemiology

A

30% with encapsulated strain in throat
Bacteria rarely reach lung due to mucociliary escalator
Risk of pneumonia when escalator is destroyed

29
Q

Pneumococcal Pneumonia

Pathogenesis

A

Infection develops when inhaled into alveoli
Causes inflammatory response
Pneumococci that enter bloodstream responsible for Septicemia- infection of bloodstream, Endocarditis- infection of heart valves, and Meningitis- infection of membranes covering brain and spinal cord
Complete recovery

30
Q

Pneumococcal Pneumonia

Prevention and Treatment

A

Prevention by vaccine
Immunity in 23 strains
Conjugate vaccine against 7 types for infants
Antibiotic treatment successful if early (Penicillin and Erythromycin)

31
Q

Klebsiella Pneumonia

Causative Agent

A

Species of Klebsiella

Primary- Gram-negative, Bacillus, and Encapsulated

32
Q

Klebsiella Pneumonia

Symptoms

A

Indistinguishable from Pneumococcal Pneumonia
Cough, Fever, Chest Pain, Chills, Red sputum
50%-80% Mortality

33
Q

Klebsiella Pneumonia

Epidemiology

A

Part of normal flora of intestine in small population

Colonization of mouth and throat common in debilitated individuals

34
Q

Klebsiella Pneumonia

Pathogenesis

A

Organism in mouth and throat
Carried to lung with inspired air or mucus
Survival in lung by capsule
Tissue death (necrotizing)
Blood infection leads to abscesses in other tissues

35
Q

Klebsiella Pneumonia

Prevention and Treatment

A

No specific
Disinfect environment
Use antimicrobials when necessary

36
Q

Mycoplasmal Pneumonia

Causative Agent

A 
Mycoplasma Pneumoniae
Small
In cell lines
Deformed bacteria lacking cell wall
Slow growing
Aerobic
Colonies with distinctive fried egg appearance
37
Q

Mycoplasmal Pneumonia

Symptoms

A

Gradual onset
First symptoms- fever, headache, muscle pain, fatigue
Later symptoms- dry cough “atypical pneumoniae”, “walking pneumonia”

38
Q

Mycoplasmal Pneumonia

Epidemiology

A

Bacteria spread by aerosolized droplets from respiratory secretions
Survive long periods in secretions
1/5 of Bacterial pneumonia
Non-permanent immunity

39
Q

Mycoplasmal Pneumonia

Pathogenesis

A

Small infecting dose
Organism attaches to receptors on epithelium
Attachement interferes with ciliated cell action
Ciliated cells slough off
Inflammation initiates thickening of bronchial or alveolar walls (Difficulty breathing)

40
Q

Mycoplasmal Pneumonia

Prevention and Treatment

A

No practical prevention
Avoid crowds
Antibiotic treatment will inhibit growth, Penicillin and cell wall inhibitors are ineffectual, Tetracycline and Erythromycin must be given early

41
Q

Whooping Cough

Causative Agent

A

Bordetella Pertussis

Gram-negative

42
Q

Whooping Cough

Symptoms and Epidemiology

A

Symptoms:
Mild upper respiratory infection with typical paroxysmal coughing
Series of hacking coughs with production of copious amounts of mucus that end with respiratory “whoop” as air rushes past narrowed glottis
Epidemiology:
Spreads via infected respiratory droplets
Infectious during runny nose (Decrease with cough)
Primarily in infants and children

43
Q

Whooping Cough

Pathogenesis

A

Enters respiratory tract with inspired air and attaches to ciliated cells via Filamentous Hemagglutinin (Fha)
Mucus secretions increases which causes ciliary action to decrease while ciliated cells slough off
Cough reflex to clear secretions
B. Pertussis toxic products:
Pertussis toxin- A/B toxin: increased mucus formation, inhibits leukocyte function, bacterial binding
Adenylate cyclase toxin: increased cAMP, mucus
Tracheal cytotoxin: no goblet cells from death of ciliated, release of IL-1

44
Q

Whooping Cough

Prevention and Treatment

A 
Prevention:
Vaccination of infants
Prevents disease
Treatment:
Erythromycin if early
Supportive therapy (Oxygen therapy, suction mucus)
45
Q

Tuberculosis

Causative Agent

A 
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Gram positive cell wall
Obligate aerobic rod-shaped bacteria
Acid fast
Slow growing
Resistive
46
Q

Tuberculosis

Symptoms

A

Chronic illness

Weight loss, Fever with night sweats, Chronic cough

47
Q

Tuberculosis

Pathogenesis

A

Inhalation of airborne organisms
Taken up by pulmonary macrophages in lungs
Resists destruction with phagocyte (prevents phagosome-lysosome fusion)
Activated macrophages can kill bacteria
2-weeks post infection immune reaction results- macrophages fuse to make large multinucleate cells, tubercles
Lysis of activated macrophages releases contents
Some granulomas contain live organisms

48
Q

Tuberculosis

Epidemiology

A

Tuberculin Test- Mantoux- Type IV Hypersensitivity

Injection site becomes red and firm

49
Q

Tuberculosis

Prevention and Treatment

A

Prevention:
Vaccination- Bacillus of Calmette, Guerin, BCG from Mycobacterium bovis, partial immunity
Treatment:
Antibiotic treatment- 2 of more meds, Antibiotics like Rifampin and Isoniazid (INH), therapy prolonged

50
Q

Legionnaire’s Disease

Symptoms

A

Early- headache, muscle ache, rapid temperature rise, confusion, shaking chills,
Later- dry cough, sputum production, pleurisy
Diarrhea, abdominal pain and vomitting

51
Q

Legionnaire’s Disease

Causative agent

A

Legionella pneumophila

Gram-negative and bacillus

52
Q

Legionnaire’s Disease

Epidemiology

A

Organism widespread in natural warm waters (within Amoeba)
Resistant to Chlorine
Survives well in water system
Person-to-person transmission

53
Q

Legionnaire’s Disease

Pathogenesis

A

Breathing aerosolized contaminated water
Resistant healthy smokers
Organisms lodge in or near alveoli and stimulate phagocytosis
Bacteria release macrophage invasion potentiator (MIP) which aids macrophage entry
Necrosis of alveolar cells and inflammatory response causing multiple abscesses, pneumonia and pleurisy
Fatal respiratory in 15%

54
Q

Legionnaire’s Disease

Prevention and Treatment

A

Prevention:
Focus on equipment to minimize risk of infectious aerosols
Adequate disinfection
Antibiotic treatment (High dose of erythromycin, Bacteria make beta-lactamase enzyme)

55
Q

Influenza

Causative agent

A

Influenza A virus
Belongs to orthomyxovirus
Single stranded RNA virus (divided 8 segments)
Spiked envelope- H spike- hemagglutinin (attachment aid) and N spike- neuraminidase (viral spread aid)

56
Q

Influenza

Symptoms

A 
Short incubation period (2 days)
Headache
Fever
Muscle Pain
Dry Cough
Acute symptoms within a week- cough, fatigue, generalized weakness
57
Q

Influenza

Pathogenesis

A

Acquired inhalation of infected respiratory secretions
Virus attaches via hemagglutinin spikes (once attached, viral envelope fuses)
Mature viruses bud from host cells
Infected cells die and slough off
Host immunity quickly controls viral spread
Small number die from Influenza

58
Q

Influenza

Epidemiology

A 
Outbreaks in US every year
Periodic pandemics (higher than normal morbidity)
Spread by antigenic changes- antigenic drift (minor mutations), minimize effectiveness of immunity; antigenic shift (genetic reassortment)
59
Q

Influenza

Prevention and Treatment

A

Vaccine 80%-90% effective
New required each year
Antiviral medications 70% to 90% effective (Amantidine and Rimantidine)

60
Q

Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection

Causative Agent

A

RSV- part of paramyxovirus, single stranded RNA genome, Enveloped (virus lacks hemagglutinin and neuraminidase)

61
Q

Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection

Symptoms

A 
Incubation period 1-4days
Runny nose
Coughing Weezing
Difficulty breathing
Fever
Dusky colored skin (poor oxygenation)
Croup in older infants
62
Q

Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection

Pathogenesis

A 
Enters body through inhalation
Infects respiratory epithelium
Death of sloughing infected cells
Bronchiolitis- responsible for wheezing
Inflammation of alveoli leads to secondary pneumonia
63
Q

Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection

Epidemiology and Prevention and Treatment

A

Epidemiology:
Common outbreaks
Short-lived immunity recovery
Healthy adults and children suffer mild disease but readily spread virus
Prevention and Treatment:
No vaccine, isolation of sick individual best prevention, no effective antiviral medication

64
Q

Coccidiodes Immitis

A

(Valley Fever)
Endemic in arid regions of Southwest USA and Latin America
Dimorphic fungus
Transmitted by inhalation of arthrospores
Symptoms: asymptomatic, mild pneumonia, spreads lungs to bones and CNS, overall 1% dissemination rate, dissemination most often in immune compromised individuals, resolution lasts in long-term immunity against reinfection

65
Q

Histoplasma Capsulatum

A

Histoplasmosis (Spelunkers disease)
Endemic in central and eastern states, especially Ohio and MS River valley
Dimorphic fungus
Transmitted inhalation of conidia
Symptoms: asymptomatic, mild respiratory symptoms, dissemination in immune compromised individuals

66
Q

Blastomyces Dermatitidis

A

Blastomycosis
Dimorphic fungus
Inhalation of conidia
Symptoms: chronic granulomatous disease, primary pulmonary stage, dissemination

Microbiology Final Exam (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions