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LIFESCI 7C > Respiratory System & Gas Exchange + Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Respiratory System & Gas Exchange + Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the mechanism by which gas exchange occurs?

A

diffusion

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2
Q

____ surface area + ____ distance over which molecules move
= higher rate of diffusion

A

higher; lower

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3
Q

What is partial pressure?

A

the fractional concentration relative to other gases present multiplied by the atmospheric pressure

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4
Q

In order for O2 to diffuse from the air into the cells, the partial pressure of O2 inside the cells must be higher/lower than the partial pressure in the atmosphere.

A

lower

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5
Q

What is the flow of pressure gradients?

A

high to low

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6
Q

What is bulk flow?

A

the physical movement of fluids, either liquid or gas, as a result of pressure differences

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7
Q

What is ventilation?

A

the movement of the animal’s respiratory medium (i.e. water or air) past a specialized respiratory surface

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8
Q

What is circulation?

A

the movement of a specialized body fluid that carries O2 and CO2 (i.e. blood) and delivers O2 to cells in different regions of the body and carries CO2 back to the respiratory exchange surface

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9
Q

Ventilation ____ O2 to mitochondria in cells.
Circulation ____ CO2 from the body.

A

delivers
removes

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10
Q

During inhalation, fresh air with high levels of ____ is ____.

A

O2; drawn in

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11
Q

During exhalation, stale air with high levels of ____ is ____.

A

CO2; moved out

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12
Q

When the diagram contracts:
thoracic cavity ____
air pressure inside the lungs ____
air is ____

A

expands
decreases
drawn in

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13
Q

When the diaphragm expands:
thoracic cavity ____
air pressure inside the lungs ____
air is ____

A

compresses
increases
forced out

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14
Q

In the alveolus:
____ from deoxygenated blood diffuses into the ____.

A

CO2; alveolus

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15
Q

In the alveolus:
____ from the alveolus diffuses into the ____.

A

O2; blood

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16
Q

What is plasma?

A

the fluid fraction of the blood that contains nutrients

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17
Q

What is the function of red blood cells?

A

carry hemoglobin

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18
Q

What is the function of white blood cells?

A

help defend the body against pathogens

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19
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

respond to damaged blood vessels by helping to form a clot to prevent blood loss

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20
Q

55% of the blood is made up of ____.
~1% of the blood is made up of ____.
45% of the blood is made up of ____.

A

plasma
white blood cells & platelets
red blood cells

21
Q

What is the process of hemoglobin binding?

A
  1. O2 diffuses into the blood
  2. O2 diffuses into red blood cells and binds to the heme groups in hemoglobin
  3. O2 binding of hemoglobin removes O2 from the solution
22
Q

↑ blood pO2 = ↑ ____ = ↑ ____

A

hemoglobin binding affinity; O2 hemoglobin saturation

23
Q

As O2 hemoglobin binding increases, the binding affinity of hemoglobin ____.

A

increases

24
Q

The left side of the oxygen dissociation curve occurs in the ____.

A

tissues

25
Q

What is happening on the left side of the oxygen dissociation curve?

A

O2 dissociates
leaves the blood and hemoglobin to enter the cells

26
Q

The right side of the oxygen dissociation curve occurs in the ____.

A

lungs

27
Q

What is happening on the right side of the oxygen dissociation curve?

A

O2 binds to hemoglobin
oxygenated blood leaves the alveoli

28
Q

Left shift on the oxygen dissociation curve = ____ O2 affinity

A

increased

29
Q

Left shift on the oxygen dissociation curve is caused by:
____ CO2
____ pH
____ temperature
____ altitude

A

↓ CO2
↑pH
↓temperature
↓altitude

30
Q

Right shift on the oxygen dissociation curve = ____ O2 affinity

A

decreased

31
Q

Right shift on the oxygen dissociation curve is caused by:
____ CO2
____ pH
____ temperature
____ altitude

A

↑ CO2
↓ pH
↑ temperature
↑ altitude

32
Q

What are arteries?

A

high pressure blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart to the tissues

33
Q

What are veins?

A

low pressure blood vessels that carry blood towards the heart

34
Q

During vasoconstriction:
blood pressure drops/spikes
arterioles constrict/dilate
blood flow is reduced/increased
resistance decreases/increases

A

drops
constrict
reduced
increases

35
Q

During vasodilation:
blood pressure drops/spikes
arterioles constrict/dilate
blood flow is reduced/increased
resistance decreases/increases

A

spikes
dilate
increased
decreases

36
Q

What is the flow of deoxygenated blood through the circulatory system?

A

tissues
↓
superior vena cava
↓
right chambers
↓
pulmonary artery

37
Q

What is the flow of oxygenated blood through the circulatory system?

A

pulmonary vein
↓
left chambers
↓
aorta
↓
tissues

38
Q

What happens during ventricular diastole/atrial systole?

A

ventricles relax
atria contract
ventricles fill with blood

39
Q

What happens during ventricular systole/atrial diastole?

A

ventricles contract
atria relax
ventricles empty blood

40
Q

True or False:
The nervous system generate action potentials to initiate the heartbeat.

A

False
The heart can generate its own action potentials.
The nervous system can only slow down or speed up the heart rate.

41
Q

Where are heartbeats initiated in the heart?

A

SA node

42
Q

What type of cell junction allows signals from the pacemaker cells to propagate throughout contractile cells?

A

gap junctions

43
Q

What causes cardiac action potential depolarization?

A

Na+ channels open

44
Q

What causes cardiac action potential plateau?

A

Ca2+ channels open and stay open

45
Q

What causes cardiac action potential repolarization?

A

Ca2+ channels close and K+ channels open

46
Q

Connect the following terms:
depolarization/repolarization
contraction/relaxation
increased pressure/decreased pressure
emptying/filling
systole/diastole

A

depolarization → contraction → increased pressure → emptying → systole

repolarization → relaxation → decreased pressure → filling → diastole

47
Q

During the rest and digest response of the ____ nervous system:
SA pacemaker cells depolarize ____
Arterioles supplying the digestive system ____

A

parasympathetic
more slowly
dilate

48
Q

During the fight or flight response of the ____ nervous system:
SA pacemaker cells depolarize ____
Arterioles supplying the digestive system ____

A

sympathetic
more rapidly
constrict

LIFESCI 7C (8 decks)

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