Respiratory System & Gas Exchange + Cardiovascular System

Question 1

What is the mechanism by which gas exchange occurs?

Answer 1

diffusion

Question 2

____ surface area + ____ distance over which molecules move
= higher rate of diffusion

Answer 2

higher; lower

Question 3

What is partial pressure?

Answer 3

the fractional concentration relative to other gases present multiplied by the atmospheric pressure

Question 4

In order for O2 to diffuse from the air into the cells, the partial pressure of O2 inside the cells must be higher/lower than the partial pressure in the atmosphere.

Answer 4

lower

Question 5

What is the flow of pressure gradients?

Answer 5

high to low

Question 6

What is bulk flow?

Answer 6

the physical movement of fluids, either liquid or gas, as a result of pressure differences

Question 7

What is ventilation?

Answer 7

the movement of the animal’s respiratory medium (i.e. water or air) past a specialized respiratory surface

Question 8

What is circulation?

Answer 8

the movement of a specialized body fluid that carries O2 and CO2 (i.e. blood) and delivers O2 to cells in different regions of the body and carries CO2 back to the respiratory exchange surface

Question 9

Ventilation ____ O2 to mitochondria in cells.
Circulation ____ CO2 from the body.

Answer 9

delivers
removes

Question 10

During inhalation, fresh air with high levels of ____ is ____.

Answer 10

O2; drawn in

Question 11

During exhalation, stale air with high levels of ____ is ____.

Answer 11

CO2; moved out

Question 12

When the diagram contracts:
thoracic cavity ____
air pressure inside the lungs ____
air is ____

Answer 12

expands
decreases
drawn in

Question 13

When the diaphragm expands:
thoracic cavity ____
air pressure inside the lungs ____
air is ____

Answer 13

compresses
increases
forced out

Question 14

In the alveolus:
____ from deoxygenated blood diffuses into the ____.

Answer 14

CO2; alveolus

Question 15

In the alveolus:
____ from the alveolus diffuses into the ____.

Answer 15

O2; blood

Question 16

What is plasma?

Answer 16

the fluid fraction of the blood that contains nutrients

Question 17

What is the function of red blood cells?

Answer 17

carry hemoglobin

Question 18

What is the function of white blood cells?

Answer 18

help defend the body against pathogens

Question 19

What is the function of platelets?

Answer 19

respond to damaged blood vessels by helping to form a clot to prevent blood loss

Question 20

55% of the blood is made up of ____.
~1% of the blood is made up of ____.
45% of the blood is made up of ____.

Answer 20

plasma
white blood cells & platelets
red blood cells

Question 21

What is the process of hemoglobin binding?

Answer 21

1. O2 diffuses into the blood
2. O2 diffuses into red blood cells and binds to the heme groups in hemoglobin
3. O2 binding of hemoglobin removes O2 from the solution

Question 22

↑ blood pO2 = ↑ ____ = ↑ ____

Answer 22

hemoglobin binding affinity; O2 hemoglobin saturation

Question 23

As O2 hemoglobin binding increases, the binding affinity of hemoglobin ____.

Answer 23

increases

Question 24

The left side of the oxygen dissociation curve occurs in the ____.

Answer 24

tissues

Question 25

What is happening on the left side of the oxygen dissociation curve?

Answer 25

O2 dissociates leaves the blood and hemoglobin to enter the cells

Question 26

The right side of the oxygen dissociation curve occurs in the ____.

Answer 26

lungs

Question 27

What is happening on the right side of the oxygen dissociation curve?

Answer 27

O2 binds to hemoglobin oxygenated blood leaves the alveoli

Question 28

Left shift on the oxygen dissociation curve = ____ O2 affinity

Answer 28

increased

Question 29

Left shift on the oxygen dissociation curve is caused by: ____ CO2 ____ pH ____ temperature ____ altitude

Answer 29

↓ CO2 ↑pH ↓temperature ↓altitude

Question 30

Right shift on the oxygen dissociation curve = ____ O2 affinity

Answer 30

decreased

Question 31

Right shift on the oxygen dissociation curve is caused by: ____ CO2 ____ pH ____ temperature ____ altitude

Answer 31

↑ CO2 ↓ pH ↑ temperature ↑ altitude

Question 32

What are arteries?

Answer 32

high pressure blood vessels that carry blood **away** from the heart to the tissues

Question 33

What are veins?

Answer 33

low pressure blood vessels that carry blood **towards** the heart

Question 34

During vasoconstriction: blood pressure **drops/spikes** arterioles **constrict/dilate** blood flow is **reduced/increased** resistance **decreases/increases**

Answer 34

drops constrict reduced increases

Question 35

During vasodilation: blood pressure **drops/spikes** arterioles **constrict/dilate** blood flow is **reduced/increased** resistance **decreases/increases**

Answer 35

spikes dilate increased decreases

Question 36

What is the flow of deoxygenated blood through the circulatory system?

Answer 36

tissues ↓ superior vena cava ↓ right chambers ↓ pulmonary artery

Question 37

What is the flow of oxygenated blood through the circulatory system?

Answer 37

pulmonary vein ↓ left chambers ↓ aorta ↓ tissues

Question 38

What happens during ventricular diastole/atrial systole?

Answer 38

ventricles relax atria contract ventricles fill with blood

Question 39

What happens during ventricular systole/atrial diastole?

Answer 39

ventricles contract atria relax ventricles empty blood

Question 40

True or False: The nervous system generate action potentials to initiate the heartbeat.

Answer 40

False The heart can generate its own action potentials. The nervous system can only slow down or speed up the heart rate.

Question 41

Where are heartbeats initiated in the heart?

Answer 41

SA node

Question 42

What type of cell junction allows signals from the pacemaker cells to propagate throughout contractile cells?

Answer 42

gap junctions

Question 43

What causes cardiac action potential depolarization?

Answer 43

Na+ channels open

Question 44

What causes cardiac action potential plateau?

Answer 44

Ca2+ channels open and stay open

Question 45

What causes cardiac action potential repolarization?

Answer 45

Ca2+ channels close and K+ channels open

Question 46

Connect the following terms: depolarization/repolarization contraction/relaxation increased pressure/decreased pressure emptying/filling systole/diastole

Answer 46

depolarization → contraction → increased pressure → emptying → systole repolarization → relaxation → decreased pressure → filling → diastole

Question 47

During the rest and digest response of the ____ nervous system: SA pacemaker cells depolarize ____ Arterioles supplying the digestive system ____

Answer 47

parasympathetic more slowly dilate

Question 48

During the fight or flight response of the ____ nervous system: SA pacemaker cells depolarize ____ Arterioles supplying the digestive system ____

Answer 48

sympathetic more rapidly constrict