Respiratory System & Gas Exchange + Cardiovascular System Flashcards
What is the mechanism by which gas exchange occurs?
diffusion
____ surface area + ____ distance over which molecules move
= higher rate of diffusion
higher; lower
What is partial pressure?
the fractional concentration relative to other gases present multiplied by the atmospheric pressure
In order for O2 to diffuse from the air into the cells, the partial pressure of O2 inside the cells must be higher/lower than the partial pressure in the atmosphere.
lower
What is the flow of pressure gradients?
high to low
What is bulk flow?
the physical movement of fluids, either liquid or gas, as a result of pressure differences
What is ventilation?
the movement of the animal’s respiratory medium (i.e. water or air) past a specialized respiratory surface
What is circulation?
the movement of a specialized body fluid that carries O2 and CO2 (i.e. blood) and delivers O2 to cells in different regions of the body and carries CO2 back to the respiratory exchange surface
Ventilation ____ O2 to mitochondria in cells.
Circulation ____ CO2 from the body.
delivers
removes
During inhalation, fresh air with high levels of ____ is ____.
O2; drawn in
During exhalation, stale air with high levels of ____ is ____.
CO2; moved out
When the diagram contracts:
thoracic cavity ____
air pressure inside the lungs ____
air is ____
expands
decreases
drawn in
When the diaphragm expands:
thoracic cavity ____
air pressure inside the lungs ____
air is ____
compresses
increases
forced out
In the alveolus:
____ from deoxygenated blood diffuses into the ____.
CO2; alveolus
In the alveolus:
____ from the alveolus diffuses into the ____.
O2; blood
What is plasma?
the fluid fraction of the blood that contains nutrients
What is the function of red blood cells?
carry hemoglobin
What is the function of white blood cells?
help defend the body against pathogens
What is the function of platelets?
respond to damaged blood vessels by helping to form a clot to prevent blood loss
55% of the blood is made up of ____.
~1% of the blood is made up of ____.
45% of the blood is made up of ____.
plasma
white blood cells & platelets
red blood cells
What is the process of hemoglobin binding?
- O2 diffuses into the blood
- O2 diffuses into red blood cells and binds to the heme groups in hemoglobin
- O2 binding of hemoglobin removes O2 from the solution
↑ blood pO2 = ↑ ____ = ↑ ____
hemoglobin binding affinity; O2 hemoglobin saturation
As O2 hemoglobin binding increases, the binding affinity of hemoglobin ____.
increases
The left side of the oxygen dissociation curve occurs in the ____.
tissues
What is happening on the left side of the oxygen dissociation curve?
O2 dissociates
leaves the blood and hemoglobin to enter the cells
The right side of the oxygen dissociation curve occurs in the ____.
lungs
What is happening on the right side of the oxygen dissociation curve?
O2 binds to hemoglobin
oxygenated blood leaves the alveoli
Left shift on the oxygen dissociation curve = ____ O2 affinity
increased
Left shift on the oxygen dissociation curve is caused by:
____ CO2
____ pH
____ temperature
____ altitude
↓ CO2
↑pH
↓temperature
↓altitude
Right shift on the oxygen dissociation curve = ____ O2 affinity
decreased
Right shift on the oxygen dissociation curve is caused by:
____ CO2
____ pH
____ temperature
____ altitude
↑ CO2
↓ pH
↑ temperature
↑ altitude
What are arteries?
high pressure blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart to the tissues
What are veins?
low pressure blood vessels that carry blood towards the heart
During vasoconstriction:
blood pressure drops/spikes
arterioles constrict/dilate
blood flow is reduced/increased
resistance decreases/increases
drops
constrict
reduced
increases
During vasodilation:
blood pressure drops/spikes
arterioles constrict/dilate
blood flow is reduced/increased
resistance decreases/increases
spikes
dilate
increased
decreases
What is the flow of deoxygenated blood through the circulatory system?
tissues
↓
superior vena cava
↓
right chambers
↓
pulmonary artery
What is the flow of oxygenated blood through the circulatory system?
pulmonary vein
↓
left chambers
↓
aorta
↓
tissues
What happens during ventricular diastole/atrial systole?
ventricles relax
atria contract
ventricles fill with blood
What happens during ventricular systole/atrial diastole?
ventricles contract
atria relax
ventricles empty blood
True or False:
The nervous system generate action potentials to initiate the heartbeat.
False
The heart can generate its own action potentials.
The nervous system can only slow down or speed up the heart rate.
Where are heartbeats initiated in the heart?
SA node
What type of cell junction allows signals from the pacemaker cells to propagate throughout contractile cells?
gap junctions
What causes cardiac action potential depolarization?
Na+ channels open
What causes cardiac action potential plateau?
Ca2+ channels open and stay open
What causes cardiac action potential repolarization?
Ca2+ channels close and K+ channels open
Connect the following terms:
depolarization/repolarization
contraction/relaxation
increased pressure/decreased pressure
emptying/filling
systole/diastole
depolarization → contraction → increased pressure → emptying → systole
repolarization → relaxation → decreased pressure → filling → diastole
During the rest and digest response of the ____ nervous system:
SA pacemaker cells depolarize ____
Arterioles supplying the digestive system ____
parasympathetic
more slowly
dilate
During the fight or flight response of the ____ nervous system:
SA pacemaker cells depolarize ____
Arterioles supplying the digestive system ____
sympathetic
more rapidly
constrict
