Respiratory System (Final Exam) Flashcards
List the functions of the respiratory system.
Air conduction/gas exchange, phonation, olfaction, heat regulation, temp and moisture control of air, protection, acid-base regulation, hormone conversion.
What are the 3 components of the respiratory system?
- Conductive System - nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi
- Transitional System - terminal bronchioles
- Gas Exchange - respiratory bronchioles, alveoli
What is the function of the conducting system in the respiratory system?
Brings air to respiratory portion, cleanses, moistens and warms incoming air, hair and secretions in nasal cavity trap particulate matter
What are terminal bronchioles lined by?
Club Cells (Clara cells)
Non-ciliated secretory cells
Only a few ciliated cells
Healthy bronchioles do not have goblet cells
What are alveoli lined by? What are they surrounded by?
Epithelial type I (membranous) and Type II pneumocytes
Thin-walled structures surrounded by rich network of capillaries (pulmonary capillaries)
State the conduction down the respiratory tree.
Nasal cavity –> Nasopharynx –> Larynx –> Trachea –> Bronchi –> EXCHANGE –> Respiratory bronchioles –> Alveolar Ducts –> Alveolar Sacs –> ALVEOLI
What are the nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea and bronchi mostly lined by?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with Goblet Cells and Submucosal Serous Cells
What does the lamina propria of the nasal cavity contain?
Tubule-alveolar glands (Bowman’s Glands) - mainly mucous and mixed glands.
Bone supported nasal cavity within skull is divided by nasal cartilaginous septum into 2 halves (Left and Right) - each half has what 3 regions?
- Vestibular Region
- Respiratory Region
- Olfactory Region
What is the vestibular region of the nasal cavity? What does it contain and what is it lined by?
Initial, external part of the nasal cavity.
Has cutaneous mucus membrane, haired skin, and glands.
Lined with stratified squamous keratinized epithelium
What is the respiratory region of the nasal cavity? What is it lined by and what does it contain?
Largest part of nasal cavity.
Lined with pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with goblet cells. –> Combo of cells = MUCOCILIARY APPARATUS (responsible for clearance)
Projections from lateral wall = CONCHAE TURBINATES narrow the lumen of the nasal cavity and increase the area of contact of inhaled air with respiratory mucus membrane, thus regulating quality and quantity of inhaled air.
Both olfactory and respiratory regions are rich in VENOUS PLEXUSES (SWELL BODIES) which are distended with blood
What is the mucociliary apparatus?
Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
With goblet cells –> secrete mucous
Movement of cilia removes mucus with trapped airborne inhaled particles like dust and micro organisms.
Constitute a cleaning apparatus of the upper respiratory tract.
What is the olfactory region of the nasal cavity? What is it lined by and what does it contain?
Lined with olfactory epithelium. Dorsal part of nasal cavity.
Multi-stratified, much thicker than respiratory epithelium, lacks goblet cells.
Lamina Propria contains Serous Olfactory Glands and Non-myelinated axons of olfactory neurons from nerve bundles (Cr N 1)
Both olfactory and respiratory regions are rich in VENOUS PLEXUSES (SWELL BODIES) which are distended with blood
What cells make up olfactory epithelium?
Olfactory neurons (smell = olfaction)
Supporting (sustentacular) cells
Basal cells - stem cells for others
NO goblet cells.
What is the vomeronasal organ?
Chemoreceptors, sexual behavior.
Mainly used to detect pheromones.