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RUSVM Microanatomy Orange 2016 > Respiratory System (Final Exam) > Flashcards

Respiratory System (Final Exam) Flashcards

1
Q

List the functions of the respiratory system.

A

Air conduction/gas exchange, phonation, olfaction, heat regulation, temp and moisture control of air, protection, acid-base regulation, hormone conversion.

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2
Q

What are the 3 components of the respiratory system?

A
  1. Conductive System - nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi
  2. Transitional System - terminal bronchioles
  3. Gas Exchange - respiratory bronchioles, alveoli
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3
Q

What is the function of the conducting system in the respiratory system?

A

Brings air to respiratory portion, cleanses, moistens and warms incoming air, hair and secretions in nasal cavity trap particulate matter

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4
Q

What are terminal bronchioles lined by?

A

Club Cells (Clara cells)
Non-ciliated secretory cells
Only a few ciliated cells
Healthy bronchioles do not have goblet cells

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5
Q

What are alveoli lined by? What are they surrounded by?

A

Epithelial type I (membranous) and Type II pneumocytes

Thin-walled structures surrounded by rich network of capillaries (pulmonary capillaries)

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6
Q

State the conduction down the respiratory tree.

A

Nasal cavity –> Nasopharynx –> Larynx –> Trachea –> Bronchi –> EXCHANGE –> Respiratory bronchioles –> Alveolar Ducts –> Alveolar Sacs –> ALVEOLI

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7
Q

What are the nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea and bronchi mostly lined by?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with Goblet Cells and Submucosal Serous Cells

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8
Q

What does the lamina propria of the nasal cavity contain?

A

Tubule-alveolar glands (Bowman’s Glands) - mainly mucous and mixed glands.

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9
Q

Bone supported nasal cavity within skull is divided by nasal cartilaginous septum into 2 halves (Left and Right) - each half has what 3 regions?

A
  1. Vestibular Region
  2. Respiratory Region
  3. Olfactory Region
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10
Q

What is the vestibular region of the nasal cavity? What does it contain and what is it lined by?

A

Initial, external part of the nasal cavity.
Has cutaneous mucus membrane, haired skin, and glands.
Lined with stratified squamous keratinized epithelium

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11
Q

What is the respiratory region of the nasal cavity? What is it lined by and what does it contain?

A

Largest part of nasal cavity.
Lined with pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with goblet cells. –> Combo of cells = MUCOCILIARY APPARATUS (responsible for clearance)
Projections from lateral wall = CONCHAE TURBINATES narrow the lumen of the nasal cavity and increase the area of contact of inhaled air with respiratory mucus membrane, thus regulating quality and quantity of inhaled air.
Both olfactory and respiratory regions are rich in VENOUS PLEXUSES (SWELL BODIES) which are distended with blood

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12
Q

What is the mucociliary apparatus?

A

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
With goblet cells –> secrete mucous
Movement of cilia removes mucus with trapped airborne inhaled particles like dust and micro organisms.
Constitute a cleaning apparatus of the upper respiratory tract.

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13
Q

What is the olfactory region of the nasal cavity? What is it lined by and what does it contain?

A

Lined with olfactory epithelium. Dorsal part of nasal cavity.
Multi-stratified, much thicker than respiratory epithelium, lacks goblet cells.
Lamina Propria contains Serous Olfactory Glands and Non-myelinated axons of olfactory neurons from nerve bundles (Cr N 1)
Both olfactory and respiratory regions are rich in VENOUS PLEXUSES (SWELL BODIES) which are distended with blood

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14
Q

What cells make up olfactory epithelium?

A

Olfactory neurons (smell = olfaction)
Supporting (sustentacular) cells
Basal cells - stem cells for others
NO goblet cells.

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15
Q

What is the vomeronasal organ?

A

Chemoreceptors, sexual behavior.

Mainly used to detect pheromones.

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16
Q

What does the larynx include? How does the lining differ in the initial (cranial) vs. more caudal part of the larynx?

A 
Includes: cartilage, vocal folds, skeletal muscle
Initial Part (Cranial) - lines by stratified squamous epithelium
After vocal cords lining changes to pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
17
Q

What is the trachea lined by? What does the trachea contain?

A

Lined by ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium.
Serious glands are seen in the lamina propria/Submucosa
Rings of cartilage (incomplete dorsally) support the tracheal wall
CT Adventitia completes tracheal wall

18
Q

What species has a complete ring of cartilage around its trachea?

A

Birds

19
Q

What are bronchi lined by? What do they contain?

A

Lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium (same as trachea)
Smooth muscle surrounds the lamina propria followed externally by CT containing mixed bronchial gland and PLATES of hyaline cartilage
Mixed seromucus glands secrete mucus, lactoferrin, lysozyme (bacteriostatic/cidal)

20
Q

What is the difference between bronchi and bronchioles? What are bronchioles subdivided into?

A

Bronchioles lack cartilage and glands.
Contain Club Cells.
Bronchioles are subdivided into: Terminal Bronchioles and Respiratory Bronchioles

21
Q

What are terminal bronchioles lined by? What do they contain?

A

Lined by ciliated cuboidal cells with few to no goblet cells.
Muscularis mucosal is still present in terminal bronchioles.
Club cells.

22
Q

What are Club Cells (Clara Cells)? What do they do?

A

Located in terminal and respiratory bronchioles.
Bulge at surface.
Source of surfactant-like substance which aids in maintaining latency of airway - prevents collapse of air space.
Metabolize airborne toxins, may have immune function.

23
Q

What are respiratory bronchioles lined by? What do they contain? What is its function?

A

Lined by ciliated cuboidal epithelium which becomes flattened distally.
Still some smooth muscle.
Have incomplete Muscularis mucosal - surrounds entire upper bronchioles.
Function is conduction and minor role in gas exchange.

24
Q

What are alveolar ducts? What are they lined by?

A

Alveolar ducts are part of the exchange system system. They empty into alveolar sacs and alveoli.
Lined by simple squamous epithelium.
Edge surrounding the opening of each alveoli of an alveolar duct contains smooth muscle cells. Gives lip of alveolus a knob-like appearance on sections.

25
Q

What lines alveolar sacs?

A

Type I Pneumocytes (terminally differentiated)

Type II Pneumocytes (Only ones that can replicate)

26
Q

What are alveolar pores (Pores of Kohn)?

A

Neighboring alveoli connect with each other via pores, providing equalization of pressure and collateral ventilation if a bronchioles is obstructed.
Pores allow macrophage passage from one alveolus to another.

27
Q

What does the alveolar septum and interstitium contain?

A

Contains fibroblasts, capillaries (structure, nutrition)
DUST cells
Collagen Type III present in alveolar wall
Collagen Type I present in conducting airways
Elastic Fibers
CT holds everything in place

28
Q

What are Type I Pneumocytes? What do they do?

A 
Aka Squamous Alveolar Type I Cell
Form walls of alveoli 
Compose 95% of alveolar surface area
Extremely thin - have occluding junctions to prevent fluid passage 
Gas permeability is desired 
Terminally differentiated
29
Q

What are Type II Pneumocytes? What do they do?

A

Aka Granular Alveolar Type II Cell
Accounts for 5% of alveolar surface area
Secretory –> Secretes Surfactant
Surfactant is produced by lamellar bodies
Can be mitotic –> produces type I and type II pneumocystis

30
Q

What is surfactant?

A

Mono-molecular layer of phospholipoprotein.
Functions to reduce surface tension, reduces effort needed to inflate alveoli thus preventing alveolar collapse (known as ATELECTASIS)
Constantly produced by Type II Pneumocytes
Cortisol stimulates production of surfactant in fetus just prior to parturition.

31
Q

Absence of surfactant in newborns is known as?

A

Hyaline Membrane Disease.

Cortisol needed to stimulate surfactant production in fetus prior to parturition.

32
Q

What is the blood-air barrier composed of?

A

Vascular epithelium
Basement Membrane of Endothelial Cell
Basement Membrane of Type I Pneumocyte
Cytoplasm of Type I Pneumocyte

33
Q

What are the 2 types of pulmonary macrophages?

A

Pulmonary Alveolar Macrophages (PAMs)

Pulmonary Intravascular Macrophages (PIMs)

34
Q

What is pleura composed of?

A

Simple squamous epithelial cells known as Mesothelial Cells

RUSVM Microanatomy Orange 2016 (10 decks)

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