Respiratory System, Digestive, Urinary, and Reproductive System Flashcards
ventilation
breathing
mechanical respiration
bring air in and bring air out
external respiration
bringing o2 into the body into lungs co2 pushed back out and exchange with the blood.
Internal respiration
taking o2 to tissues and carrying to body
cellular respiration
o2 in tissues and putting in each individual cell. produces ATP
Aerobic Respiration
takes place in the mitochondria and requires oxygen and glucose, and produces carbon dioxide, water, and energy
Anaerobic Respiration
produces energy and uses glucose, but it produces less energy and does not require oxygen.
Tidal volume
the amount of air that moves in and out with each breath.
normal breathing
Vital capacity
is the maximum amount of air that can be moved out in a single breath
inspiratory reserve volume
Inspiration can be increased by expanding the chest. active
expiratory reserve volume
expiration can be increased by CONTRACTING the abdominal and thoracic muscles. passivr
residual volume
air remaining in lungs after deep exhalation
The place in the back of the mouth through which both food and air pass is the
pharynx
The waste products of respiration are
water and carbon dioxide
True or false? Internal respiration is the exchange of gases between the alveoli and the capillaries.
false
The actual site of gas exchange in the respiratory system is the
alveoli
True or false? Vital capacity is the movement of air during normal inspiration and expiration
false
Cilia in the respiratory tract serves to
filter dust from the air
Shortness of breath is known as
dyspnea
The gas concentration of blood is constantly monitored by
chemoreceptors
An inadequate supply of oxygen to the tissues results in a condition called
hypoxia
The volume of air in a normal breath is called
tidal
True or false. All tissues in your body receive the same amount of oxygen at any given time
false
True or false. During inspiration, the diaphragm moves upward.
false
True or false? The purpose of the turbinate’s is to warm and moisten your inspired air.
true
apena
stop external breathing
Where is the intrinsic factor produced?
stomach
true or false. The pH of the stomach is approximately 7.
false. 1.5-3.5
true or false. Parietal cells secrete pepsinogen.
false. HCI
the enzyme that functions at the lowest pH
pepsin
What do parietal cells secrete?
HCI
what does The hormone gastrin stimulate?
gastric motility.
What is the enzyme responsible for protein digestion in the small intestine?
trypsin
Vitamin B12, which is needed for red blood cell production, requires ___________ for its absorption.
intrisnic factor
what does CCK stimulate?
the gall bladder to release bile into small intestine
Gastrin is a hormone of the digestive tract which stimulates?
parietal cells in the stomach to start producing HCl in preparation for food
Mouth:
Enzymes produced ?
salivary amylase and lingual lipase
Start Carbohydrate digestion
in the stomachChief cells produce?
pepsinogen
In the stomachHCl converts pepsinogen into pepsin which?
is the active enzyme to start protein digestion
In the stomach, HCl inactivates salivary amylase, so?
carbohydrate digestion stops
Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids all complete digestion here and are absorbed here.
small intestine
buffers in the mouth?
neutralize acid to prevent tooth decay
Water is reabsorbed to the bloodstream along the ascending or descending loop of Henle.
decending
true or false High blood pressure is inversely proportional to the rate of urine formation.
true
Most sodium is reabsorbed from the glomerular filtrate by
the proximal convoluted tubule
Which substance is not normally found in the urine?
glucose
An increased amount of ADH leads to
decrease in urine
Which of the following is not a step in urine formation Select one: a. Glomerular filtration b. Glomerular absorption c. Tubular reabsorption d. Tubular secretion e. all of the above
B
true or false. Aldosterone and ADH tend to have the same effect on blood concentration.
true
In the nephron where does filtration occur?
glomerulus
In the nephron where does reabsortion occur?
Pooximal tubule
In nephron where does tubule secreation occur?
In distal convulted tubule
in the nephron where is urine removed?
collecting duct
what does glomerular filtarte consist of?
water, salt glucose, nutrient molecules, and waste
what is unable to pass through the glomerular?
plasma proteins, blood cells, and platelets
What does tubular reabsorption do?
removes useful solutes from the filtrate and returns them to the blood
glucose, amino acids and positively charges ions are actively reabsorbed to the blood here
promimal convoluted tubule
where is water passively reabsorbed in the nephron loop
decending nephron loop
wherein the nephron loop are solutes reabsorbed
ascending loop
The function of the tubular secretion?
Removes additional wastes from the blood and adds them to the filtrate.
what stimulates reabsorption of salts from the filtrate into the blood and stimulates the secretion of potassium from the blood into the filtrate?
aldosterone hormone
antidiuretic hormone?
controls the amount of water reabsorbed from filtrate
excretion of hypertonic urine is dependent upon reabsorption of water from where?
the loop of the nephron and collecting duct
What are 2 major areas where we reabsorb water urine and put it back to the blood in?
loop of nephron, and collecting duct in descending loop of nephron
if you have ________ it means your pituitary gland is not secreting antidiuretic hormone without that we can’t reabsorb water.
Diabetes insipidus
water balance is in?
decending loop and collecting duct
what hormone inhibits reabsorption of Na and water from the distal convoluted tubule?
atrial natriuretic hormone
The time when the egg is released from the ovary is called?
ovulation
The hormone that works with estrogen to prepare the endometrium for implantation of a fertilized egg is Select one: a. LH b. FSH c. ADH d. progesterone
d
true or false. There is 3 phases to the menstrual cycle.
false
what is spermatogenesis
production of sperm cells occurs in the seminiferous tubules and begins at puberty
what gives the sperm it’s energy to keep tail moving
mitochondria
what happens in prophase 1
crossing over exchange of genetic material all maternal and paternal chromosomes are going to pair up.
what is synapsis
maternal ans paternal are joined togerther
what does a primary follicle contain
an immature oocyte
what dies a graafian (vesicular) follicle contain?
growing follicle with maturing oocyte
Cilia function
slowly move the oocyte towards the uterus
