respiratory system chp23 Flashcards
the functions of the respiratory system include
Gas exchange between air and circulating blood
2. Air distributor along respiratory passageways
3. Protecting respiratory passageways
4. Sound production
5. Olfaction stimulation
6. Indirectly helps regulate blood volume and pressure (conversion of angiotensin I to
angiotensin II)
how many systems are in the respiratory system
2
the upper respiratory system includes
nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinusus, pharynx
lower respiratory system includes
larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli of the lungs
what does the respiratory track do
conducting airways that carries air to and from alveoli, the passageways of the upper track humidify and and filter incoming air, the lower track includes conduction passages and the exchange surfaces of the alveoli
respiratory mucosa also known as
respiratory epithelium and under lying connective tissue
what is the conducting portion lining of the respiratory track called
respiratory mucosa
lamina propria
a layer of areolar tissue that supports the respiratory track
does the respiratory epithelium change throughout the respiratory track?
yes
what is the purpose of the respiratory epithelium
it serves to moisten and protect the airway
where is the pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium located in the respiratory track
nasal cavity, superior portion of the pharynx
what is the respiratory defenses system
cilia and mucus
how does air normally enter the respiratory system
nostrils
choanae
connect the nasal cavity and nasopharynx Catch debris swirl air around
what does the nasal mucosa do
traps particles, warms and dehumidified and absorbs heat of outgoing air
pharynx
hollow tube inside the neck that starts behind the nose and ends at top of trachea and esophagus. it is shared by the digestive and respiratory system.
nasopharynx
superior part of the pharynx first portion of pharynx air only region
oropharynx
2nd part of pharynx it is continuous with the oral cavity air and food
laryngopharynx
narrow zone between the hyoid bone and the entrance to the esophagus
larynx
surrounds and protects the glottis voice box
glottis
the part of the larynx consisting of the vocal cords and the opening between them. it affects voice modulation through expansion or contraction
trachea
membranous tube reinforced by the rings of cartilage extending from the larynx to the bronchial tubes and conveying air to and from the lings
where does gas exchange occur in the respiratory track
alveoli
how many lobes are there in each lung
right lung has 3 lobes and left has 2
what surrounds the lungs
a single pleural cavity lined by a serous membrane
what is the serous membrane that lines the pleural cavity called
pleura
how many types of pleura are there
partial pleura and visceral pleura
parietial pleura
outer membrane that attached to the inner surface of the thoracic cavity.
visceral pleura
covers the surface of the lungs
external respiration
the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between interstitial fluid and the external environment and includes pulmonary ventilation (breathing)
internal respiration
the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between interstitial fluid and cells
hypoxia
an absence of enough oxygen in he tissues to sustain bodily functions
Anoxia
form of hypoxia when the body does not get any oxygen
pulmonary ventilation
is the physical movement of air in and out of the respiratory track
decreasing the volume of a gas increases its pressure and increasing the volume of a gas decreases its pressure
boyle’s law
primary respiratory muscles
the diaphragm and external intercostal muscle.
intrapulmonary pressure
the pressure inside the respiratory track
what determines the direction of airflow
intrapulmonary pressure and atmospheric pressure
intrapleural pressure
pressure in the potential space between the paritetal and visceral pleurae
respiratory cycle
a single cycle of inhalation and exhalation
tidal volume
the amount of air moved in one respiratory cycle
spirometer
instrument used to measure the capacity of the lungs
alveolar ventilation
the amount of air reaching the alveolar each min
vital capacity
includes the tidal volume plus the expiratory and inspiratory reserve volumes TC= TV+ERV+IRV
residual
the amount of air left in the lungs at the end of maximum exhalation
what is the role of RBC in the respiratory entering peripheral capillaries
they deliver oxygen and absorbs carbon dioxide
respiratory centers
3 pairs of nuclei in reticular formation of the pons and medulla oblongata
respiratory rhythmic centers
set the pace for respiration part of the respiratory centers
apneustic center
sustained string inspiratory movements part of the respiratory centers
pneumotaxic
they inhibit the apneustic centers and promote exhalation part of the respiratory centers
inflation reflex
prevents overexpansion of the lungs during forced breathing
deflation reflex
stimulates inhalation when the lungs are collapsing
what can affect respirations in the respiratory centers
conscious and unconscious thought process
why is the respiratory system less efficient in elderly individuals
elastic deteriorates, lowering compliance and the vital capacity of the lungs, movements of the chest are restricted by arthritic changes and flexibility of costal cartilages
what is surfactants role
helps prevent the alveoli from collapsing
the hard palate separates
the nasal cavity and the oral cavity
air moves into the lungs because
the gas in pressure in the lungs is less than atmospheric pressure
the glottis closes partway through an exhalation the abdominal and internal intercoastal muscles then contract suddenly creating pressure that blast the air out of the respiratory passages this describes a
cough
when the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract (breathing in)
intrapleural pressure decreases (pressure within the pleural cavity)
what are some ways the respiratory system helps protect
Cilia will help sweep debris away, mucus cells and glandular secretions, hair helps trap debris,
Functions of the nose
Provides an airway
b. Moistens and warms air
c. Filters air
d. Assists in speech
e. Contains olfactory receptors
. External nares (nostrils)
when air enters the nose
. Nasal vestibule (nasal cavity)
divided in half by the nasal septum, contains coarse
hairs that extend across the external nares to trap large airborne particles, contains
superior, middle, and inferior nasal concha
What two bones create the nasal septum
Vomer and ethmoid and highland cartilage
Paranasal sinuses
air spaces that open or drain into nasal cavity
. Sinusitis
sinus inflammation and congestion
What two bones create hard palate structure
Palatine (posterior) and the maxilla
Soft palate separates
Nasopharynx from the rest of the pharynx
Thyroid cartilage
largest, shield shaped Adams apple
cartilage us more anterior and lateral protects upper side of the glottis
Cricoid cartilage
– ring shaped inferior to thyroid cartilage offers protection to the lower side of the glottis
Epiglottis
leaf shaped, projects up towards the tongue made from elastic cartilage blocks off airway so food does not go into lungs and air goes down the esophagus
phonation
sound production
articulation
modifying the sound by using teeth or lips accessory structures
Intubation
insert a tube into pharynx and glottis to allow airflow swelling of epiglottis or crushing injury
Tracheostomy
insert tube into trachea and creating an airway crushing injury to where you can not intubate
Respiratory Bronchioles
e. Delivers air to the gas exchange surfaces of the lungs.
Tertiary (segmented) bronchi
a. Progressively less cartilage and more smooth muscle tissue; have a greater effect on bronchial diameter and resistance to airflow; supplies a specific region of each lung called a bronchiopulmonary segment
Right and left primary bronchi
c. Where trachea branches; c-shaped rings of cartilage; supplies a given lung.
Secondary (lobar) bronchi
f. Delivers air to each lobe of the lung.
Terminal Bronchioles
b. Smallest conducting branches; delivers air to single pulmonary lobule
Bronchioles
d. Multiple branches within a bronchiopulmonary segment
order of air flow throughout the bronchi and bronchioles
Right and left primary bronchi, Secondary (lobar) bronchi, Tertiary (segmented) bronchi , Bronchioles, Terminal Bronchioles, Respiratory Bronchioles
What general changes occur as you move through the conducting zone
Air decreases because the diameter is getting smaller the cartilage gets smaller as well. As we go further down we will see more smooth muscle tissue as we get into the lungs for broncho dilation and constriction
Asthma
spontaneous changes in the diameter of the brochole they are being constricted could be an allergen or random response from body use inhaler which is a steroid to help constriction
Alveolar Ducts
passageways that are going to connecting the respiratory bronchiole to alveoli
Alveoli
Sacs opening that is connect all the single alveoli together this is where gas exchange happens Covered with capillary network, elastic fibers, smooth muscle
Respiratory distress syndrome
inadequate amounts of surfactant oils being produced
Pneumonia
inflammation in the lungs that fluid starts filling up the lungs decrease in gas exchange
hilus
groove along the medial surface of the lung
root
connective tissue to anchor vessels in
cardiac notch
area to make room for the heart
Pulmonary capillary network
capillary endothelial cells produce ACE
Bronchial Arteries and Veins
provide oxygen and nutrients to conducting tissues
Pulmonary embolism
blockage of branch from pulmonary artery wont have gas exchange in the lung
Pleurisy
inflammation pleural effusion production of more fluid than necessary this prevents the lung from expanding the way it should
b. Forced Breathing (hyperpnea)
breathing in and breathing out pushing air out
Quiet Breathing
passive
Pneumothorax
injury to chest wall where there is a puncture in the plural cavity and the lung will collapse why we have two plural cavities
c. Minute Respiratory Volume
amount of air moved each minute number of breaths per min x tidal volume 12x500=6000
. Alveolar Ventilation Rate
amount of air that actually reaches the alveoli
breaths per min-anatomical dead space 12x500-150=4200
