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ap2 respiratory system > respiratory system chp23 > Flashcards

respiratory system chp23 Flashcards

1
Q

the functions of the respiratory system include

A

Gas exchange between air and circulating blood
2. Air distributor along respiratory passageways
3. Protecting respiratory passageways
4. Sound production
5. Olfaction stimulation
6. Indirectly helps regulate blood volume and pressure (conversion of angiotensin I to
angiotensin II)

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2
Q

how many systems are in the respiratory system

A

2

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3
Q

the upper respiratory system includes

A

nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinusus, pharynx

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4
Q

lower respiratory system includes

A

larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli of the lungs

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5
Q

what does the respiratory track do

A

conducting airways that carries air to and from alveoli, the passageways of the upper track humidify and and filter incoming air, the lower track includes conduction passages and the exchange surfaces of the alveoli

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6
Q

respiratory mucosa also known as

A

respiratory epithelium and under lying connective tissue

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7
Q

what is the conducting portion lining of the respiratory track called

A

respiratory mucosa

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8
Q

lamina propria

A

a layer of areolar tissue that supports the respiratory track

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9
Q

does the respiratory epithelium change throughout the respiratory track?

A

yes

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10
Q

what is the purpose of the respiratory epithelium

A

it serves to moisten and protect the airway

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11
Q

where is the pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium located in the respiratory track

A

nasal cavity, superior portion of the pharynx

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12
Q

what is the respiratory defenses system

A

cilia and mucus

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13
Q

how does air normally enter the respiratory system

A

nostrils

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14
Q

choanae

A

connect the nasal cavity and nasopharynx Catch debris swirl air around

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15
Q

what does the nasal mucosa do

A

traps particles, warms and dehumidified and absorbs heat of outgoing air

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16
Q

pharynx

A

hollow tube inside the neck that starts behind the nose and ends at top of trachea and esophagus. it is shared by the digestive and respiratory system.

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17
Q

nasopharynx

A

superior part of the pharynx first portion of pharynx air only region

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18
Q

oropharynx

A

2nd part of pharynx it is continuous with the oral cavity air and food

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19
Q

laryngopharynx

A

narrow zone between the hyoid bone and the entrance to the esophagus

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20
Q

larynx

A

surrounds and protects the glottis voice box

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21
Q

glottis

A

the part of the larynx consisting of the vocal cords and the opening between them. it affects voice modulation through expansion or contraction

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22
Q

trachea

A

membranous tube reinforced by the rings of cartilage extending from the larynx to the bronchial tubes and conveying air to and from the lings

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23
Q

where does gas exchange occur in the respiratory track

A

alveoli

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24
Q

how many lobes are there in each lung

A

right lung has 3 lobes and left has 2

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25
Q

what surrounds the lungs

A

a single pleural cavity lined by a serous membrane

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26
Q

what is the serous membrane that lines the pleural cavity called

A

pleura

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27
Q

how many types of pleura are there

A

partial pleura and visceral pleura

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28
Q

parietial pleura

A

outer membrane that attached to the inner surface of the thoracic cavity.

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29
Q

visceral pleura

A

covers the surface of the lungs

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30
Q

external respiration

A

the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between interstitial fluid and the external environment and includes pulmonary ventilation (breathing)

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31
Q

internal respiration

A

the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between interstitial fluid and cells

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32
Q

hypoxia

A

an absence of enough oxygen in he tissues to sustain bodily functions

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33
Q

Anoxia

A

form of hypoxia when the body does not get any oxygen

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34
Q

pulmonary ventilation

A

is the physical movement of air in and out of the respiratory track

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35
Q

decreasing the volume of a gas increases its pressure and increasing the volume of a gas decreases its pressure

A

boyle’s law

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36
Q

primary respiratory muscles

A

the diaphragm and external intercostal muscle.

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37
Q

intrapulmonary pressure

A

the pressure inside the respiratory track

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38
Q

what determines the direction of airflow

A

intrapulmonary pressure and atmospheric pressure

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39
Q

intrapleural pressure

A

pressure in the potential space between the paritetal and visceral pleurae

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40
Q

respiratory cycle

A

a single cycle of inhalation and exhalation

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41
Q

tidal volume

A

the amount of air moved in one respiratory cycle

42
Q

spirometer

A

instrument used to measure the capacity of the lungs

43
Q

alveolar ventilation

A

the amount of air reaching the alveolar each min

44
Q

vital capacity

A

includes the tidal volume plus the expiratory and inspiratory reserve volumes TC= TV+ERV+IRV

45
Q

residual

A

the amount of air left in the lungs at the end of maximum exhalation

46
Q

what is the role of RBC in the respiratory entering peripheral capillaries

A

they deliver oxygen and absorbs carbon dioxide

47
Q

respiratory centers

A

3 pairs of nuclei in reticular formation of the pons and medulla oblongata

48
Q

respiratory rhythmic centers

A

set the pace for respiration part of the respiratory centers

49
Q

apneustic center

A

sustained string inspiratory movements part of the respiratory centers

50
Q

pneumotaxic

A

they inhibit the apneustic centers and promote exhalation part of the respiratory centers

51
Q

inflation reflex

A

prevents overexpansion of the lungs during forced breathing

52
Q

deflation reflex

A

stimulates inhalation when the lungs are collapsing

53
Q

what can affect respirations in the respiratory centers

A

conscious and unconscious thought process

54
Q

why is the respiratory system less efficient in elderly individuals

A

elastic deteriorates, lowering compliance and the vital capacity of the lungs, movements of the chest are restricted by arthritic changes and flexibility of costal cartilages

55
Q

what is surfactants role

A

helps prevent the alveoli from collapsing

56
Q

the hard palate separates

A

the nasal cavity and the oral cavity

57
Q

air moves into the lungs because

A

the gas in pressure in the lungs is less than atmospheric pressure

58
Q

the glottis closes partway through an exhalation the abdominal and internal intercoastal muscles then contract suddenly creating pressure that blast the air out of the respiratory passages this describes a

A

cough

59
Q

when the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract (breathing in)

A

intrapleural pressure decreases (pressure within the pleural cavity)

60
Q

what are some ways the respiratory system helps protect

A

Cilia will help sweep debris away, mucus cells and glandular secretions, hair helps trap debris,

61
Q

Functions of the nose

A

Provides an airway

     b. Moistens and warms air
     c. Filters air 
     d. Assists in speech
     e. Contains olfactory receptors
62
Q

. External nares (nostrils)

A

when air enters the nose

63
Q

. Nasal vestibule (nasal cavity)

A

divided in half by the nasal septum, contains coarse
hairs that extend across the external nares to trap large airborne particles, contains
superior, middle, and inferior nasal concha

64
Q

What two bones create the nasal septum

A

Vomer and ethmoid and highland cartilage

65
Q

Paranasal sinuses

A

air spaces that open or drain into nasal cavity

66
Q

. Sinusitis

A

sinus inflammation and congestion

67
Q

What two bones create hard palate structure

A

Palatine (posterior) and the maxilla

68
Q

Soft palate separates

A

Nasopharynx from the rest of the pharynx

69
Q

Thyroid cartilage

A

largest, shield shaped Adams apple

cartilage us more anterior and lateral protects upper side of the glottis

70
Q

Cricoid cartilage

A

– ring shaped inferior to thyroid cartilage offers protection to the lower side of the glottis

71
Q

Epiglottis

A

leaf shaped, projects up towards the tongue made from elastic cartilage blocks off airway so food does not go into lungs and air goes down the esophagus

72
Q

phonation

A

sound production

73
Q

articulation

A

modifying the sound by using teeth or lips accessory structures

74
Q

Intubation

A

insert a tube into pharynx and glottis to allow airflow swelling of epiglottis or crushing injury

75
Q

Tracheostomy

A

insert tube into trachea and creating an airway crushing injury to where you can not intubate

76
Q

Respiratory Bronchioles

A

e. Delivers air to the gas exchange surfaces of the lungs.

77
Q

Tertiary (segmented) bronchi

A

a. Progressively less cartilage and more smooth muscle tissue; have a greater effect on bronchial diameter and resistance to airflow; supplies a specific region of each lung called a bronchiopulmonary segment

78
Q

Right and left primary bronchi

A

c. Where trachea branches; c-shaped rings of cartilage; supplies a given lung.

79
Q

Secondary (lobar) bronchi

A

f. Delivers air to each lobe of the lung.

80
Q

Terminal Bronchioles

A

b. Smallest conducting branches; delivers air to single pulmonary lobule

81
Q

Bronchioles

A

d. Multiple branches within a bronchiopulmonary segment

82
Q

order of air flow throughout the bronchi and bronchioles

A

Right and left primary bronchi, Secondary (lobar) bronchi, Tertiary (segmented) bronchi , Bronchioles, Terminal Bronchioles, Respiratory Bronchioles

83
Q

What general changes occur as you move through the conducting zone

A

Air decreases because the diameter is getting smaller the cartilage gets smaller as well. As we go further down we will see more smooth muscle tissue as we get into the lungs for broncho dilation and constriction

84
Q

Asthma

A

spontaneous changes in the diameter of the brochole they are being constricted could be an allergen or random response from body use inhaler which is a steroid to help constriction

85
Q

Alveolar Ducts

A

passageways that are going to connecting the respiratory bronchiole to alveoli

86
Q

Alveoli

A

Sacs opening that is connect all the single alveoli together this is where gas exchange happens Covered with capillary network, elastic fibers, smooth muscle

87
Q

Respiratory distress syndrome

A

inadequate amounts of surfactant oils being produced

88
Q

Pneumonia

A

inflammation in the lungs that fluid starts filling up the lungs decrease in gas exchange

89
Q

hilus

A

groove along the medial surface of the lung

90
Q

root

A

connective tissue to anchor vessels in

91
Q

cardiac notch

A

area to make room for the heart

92
Q

Pulmonary capillary network

A

capillary endothelial cells produce ACE

93
Q

Bronchial Arteries and Veins

A

provide oxygen and nutrients to conducting tissues

94
Q

Pulmonary embolism

A

blockage of branch from pulmonary artery wont have gas exchange in the lung

95
Q

Pleurisy

A

inflammation pleural effusion production of more fluid than necessary this prevents the lung from expanding the way it should

96
Q

b. Forced Breathing (hyperpnea)

A

breathing in and breathing out pushing air out

97
Q

Quiet Breathing

A

passive

98
Q

Pneumothorax

A

injury to chest wall where there is a puncture in the plural cavity and the lung will collapse why we have two plural cavities

99
Q

c. Minute Respiratory Volume

A

amount of air moved each minute number of breaths per min x tidal volume 12x500=6000

100
Q

. Alveolar Ventilation Rate

A

amount of air that actually reaches the alveoli

breaths per min-anatomical dead space 12x500-150=4200

ap2 respiratory system (1 decks)

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