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Exercise Physiology > Respiratory System and Ventilation > Flashcards

Respiratory System and Ventilation Flashcards

1
Q

what is the main purpose of the respiratory system and ventilation?

A
  1. delivery of O2 to blood
  2. removal of CO2
  3. Ph balance
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2
Q

where does gas exchange occur in the lungs?

A

alveoli

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3
Q

when do the internal intercostal muscles depress the ribs?

A

only during exercise or forced expiration

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4
Q

what is boyles law?

A

an increase in volume = decrease in pressure

a decrease in volume causes an increase in pressure

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5
Q

list the process of ventilation inspiration

A

inspiration: diaphragm contracts–> external intercostals contract to increase volume of thoracic cavity –> intrapleural pressure decreases–>intrapulmonary pressure decreases –> ATM is higher –> vacuum created in lungs –> ATM air is sucked inside inflates lungs –> O2

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6
Q

list process of ventilation expiration

A

relaxation of diaphragm (maybe contraction of internal intercostals –> decrease volume of thoracic cavity –> pressures increase –> ATM is lower than inside –> air is forced out of lungs –> rid of CO2

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7
Q

How is outide air composed?

A

79% nitrogen
20.9% oxygen
.03% Co2
.5% H2O

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8
Q

what is the composition of expired air

A

75% nitrogen (same amount but % change)
15% O2 (decrease b/c consume O2 w Vo2)
4% CO2 breath out through cycles
6% H2O formed in OP

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9
Q

what is alveolar blood partial pressure compared to inspired air PP

A

inspired PpO2- 150 mmHg (found by dividing ATM (760) by % composition of inspired air) –> alveolar 102
inspired CO2- 0 mmhG –> alveolar: 40

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10
Q

what is the difference in pressure between alveolar blood and arterial blood ?

A

they are the same because gas exchange goes to equilibrium . in veins the pressure are different and create a gradient, O2 wants to go to the blood and Co2 wants to go into the alveoli. gas exchange will occur unit the pressure match. the alveoli go to arterial blood so pressure don’t change
Po2- 102 (high because oxygenated)
PCO2- 40

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11
Q

how does pressure change once blood is venous?

A

PvO2- 40 (decreases because heading to heart to get oxygenated b/c muscle took oxygen)
PvCO2- 46 (high because collected waste from muscles to be berated out)

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12
Q

What composes Total lung capacity?

A
  • Residual volume + ForcedVitalCapacity (largest amount you could expire in one breath
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13
Q

what is tidal volume?

A

the volume of air breathed each breath.

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14
Q

f - # of breaths taken per minute

A

resting 8012
a- 50-60
r- slightly elevated

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15
Q

what is Ve-

A

ventilation–> volume expired air per minute (tidal volume * f)
Rest-6L/min
a- 150-200 L/min
r- slightly elevated

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16
Q

what effects FVC?

A

gender age, height, restrictive diseases

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17
Q

what happens in obstructive pulmonary diseases?

A

FVC unaffected
FEV1.0 slower
ratio decreased

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18
Q

what happens in restrictive diseaes

A

TLC is decreased
FVC decreased
FEV 1.0 decreased

19
Q

what would happen in exercise endured?

A

decrease in ratio only during exercise

20
Q

what can effect total lung capacity?

A

average is 5-6 liters. but taller people can have more. and people with obstructive diseases have less

21
Q

what integrated processes of O2 and CO2 loading and unloading sustains metabolism?

A

Gas exchange

22
Q

what happens to CO2 during gas exchange?

A

it is unloaded from the blood to the alveoli

it is loaded from tissues to blood

23
Q

what are the differences in hemoglobin and myoglobin?

A

hemoglobin is found in all RBCs and accepts O2 in the lungs

myoglobin is found in all muscle tissue and accepts O2 from gas exchange

24
Q

How many O2 can bind to one HGB?

A
  1. once on attaches, color and shape (affinity) changes to attract more O2
25
Q

explain O2 transport…

A

oxgygen diffuses into redblood cells from alveoli and pressure gradient (102–>40). and binds to HBG
95% of all o2 is carried by hb.
5% is dissolved in the blood (pO2) and is monitored by chemoreceptors for ventilation
after in the muscles: 2,3 bisphosphogylerate, temp, CO2 and H+ affect the affinity of O2 and Hb
O2 is unloaded in muscles onto myoglobin

26
Q

what is the bohr effect?

A

high CO2 and H+ concentrations decreases affinity of Hb and O2.
low concentration increase infinity
EX: in active muscles where concentrations are high, affinity for hb and O2 is decreased & allows O2 to be easily transferred to muscles

27
Q

explainCO2 process

A

CO2 diffuses from the muscle
90% is converted to H+ and bicarb (HCO3-), 5% of CO2 directly bound and carried by hb, 5% IS DISSOLVED IN BLOOD (PCO2)
HCO3- binds to Hb for transport to lungs (if less O2 on Hb–>magnet for CO2)
H+ is buffered by Hb and blood plasma proteins
at lungs, process is reversed to make CO2 and H2o –> alveoli–>expired

28
Q

why is the carbonic acid reaction important?

CO2 + H2O –> H+ + HCO3-

A

it offsets the acidity because bicarb is more basic. this allows large amounts of CO2 to be transported in the blood without changing the pH

29
Q

why are the 5% left over from O2 and CO2 transport important?

A

they are regulators of ventilation. pCO2 is more important to chemoreceptros

30
Q

what is the haldane effect?

A

O2 concentrations determine Hb affinity for CO2.
more O2 = more unloading of CO2
less O2 = more loading of CO2 on Hb = magnet
EX: in lungs, hb is loaded with co2, but lots of O2 from air, hb unloads and is expired.

31
Q

what drives the movement of molecules?

A

Partial pressures & gradients

32
Q

what are important factors that effect gas exchange?

A
  1. partial pressure gradients
  2. barriers to diffusin
  3. RBC trasit time
  4. Hb and Mb concentrations
  5. Bohr and Halidine Effects
33
Q

how does not having clean air (workout in poorly ventilated space) effect gas exchange?

A

not having clean air changes the pressures. it would decrease your PaO2, which would decrease the gradient even more

34
Q

how would supplemental oxygen theoretically help gas exchange?

A

a clean supply of air would increase PAO2 and increase the gradient

35
Q

what are some examples of barriers to diffusion and how do they affect gas exchange?

A

surfactant, alveolar epithelium, interstitial space (more stuff = more barriers)
-ex:surfactant increases thickness so it is harder to get O2 from the alveoli into the blood stream

36
Q

how does RBC transit time affect gas exchange?

A

during rest, transit time is 0.75 sec. it only takes .3 seconds for O2 to attach to Hb. during high intensity exercise and transit time gets as low as .25, there isn’t enough time for Hb to bind to O2

37
Q

how does the amount of RBC in the blood affect gas exchange?

A

the more red blood cells (stimulated by EPO) the more O2 that can bind to Hb and be carried to muscles

38
Q

how does the amount of myoglobin affect gas exchange?

A

the more Mb = more O2 can be accepted by muscles

39
Q

why would blood doping or increasing RBC content too much be dangerous or beneficial?

A

increase in blood volume=bad

-increase in preload, increases SV but decreases heart rate so heart doesn’t have to work as hard

40
Q

what “feed forward system adjusts ventilation?

A

exercise pressor reflex

41
Q

what system is the most dominate during exercise in ventilation regulation

A

SNS

42
Q

what are the main things monitored by chemoreceptors in blood vessels for ventilation regulation

A 
PCO2
blood pH
LA
epinephrine
norephinephrine
temperature
43
Q

how does the BOHR effect work at the muscular level compared to at the lungs

A

the bohr effect increases Hg unloading at the muscle, but the level at the lungs is unchanged

44
Q

how does the halide effect change CO2 on Hb

A

the more O2 (higher levels) causes more CO2 unloading from Hb
low O2 causes loading of CO2 to Hb

Exercise Physiology (7 decks)

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