respiratory system anatomy 1 and 2 Flashcards
what thoracic level does the trachea bifurcate at the sternal angle?
T4 - 5
what muscles involved in forceful expiration?
During forceful expiration, abdominal and internal intercostal muscles are involved which decrease diameter of thoracic cage
what movements allow forceful inspiration?
During forceful inspiration, multiple movements occur which can increase anterior-posterior and transverse diameter of cage. Transverse is bucketing action, so moves like a handle upwards and happens in lower ribs. Pump-handle occurs in anterior-posterior in the upper ribs, so elevates the sternum.
describe arterial blood supply to the thoracic wall?
Posterior intercostal arteries are branch of mainly descending thoracic AORTA and anterior intercostal arteries are branch of internal thoracic ARTERY which are branch of the subclavian artery.
describe venous drainage of the thoracic wall?
Venous drainage of wall is by azygous vein which drains into superior vena cava, hemizygous and accessory hemizygous systems attached to the azygous vein. Wall also drained by internal thoracic veins.
Describe lymphatic drainage of the structures on the anterior chest wall, including the breast.
Left side drains into the thoracic duct then to left subclavian vein
Right side of chest wall drains to the right lymphatic duct then into the right subclavian vein
Breast drains to axillary LN, some parasternal LN, and some abdominal LN (inferior phrenic LN)
what are the 3 peripheral attachments of the diaphragm?
lumbar vertebrae and arcuate ligaments, costal cartilages of ribs 7-12, xiphoid process of the sternum
function of left and right crus?
RIGHT CRUS – arises from L1-3, some of its fibres surround oesophageal opening and help prevent reflux of gastric contents back into the oesophagus. LEFT CRUS – arises from L1 – 2 and their intervertebral discs.
what is the spinal root value of the phrenic nerve and its function?
C3-5 mixed nerve, motor function pierces and innervates the diaphragm and the sensory supplies central part of the diaphragm (peripheral portions also innervated by sensory fibres of intercostal nerves T7-12
where does the trachea start and end?
Trachea starts at the lower part of the larynx (C6) and bifurcate at the level of sternal angle (lower border of T4 vertebrae) to give rise to 2 main bronchi
describe the tracheobronchial tree (conducting portion)
trachea, main bronchus, lobar (secondary) bronchus, segmental (tertiary) bronchus, conducting bronchiole, and terminal bronchiole – has 150ml dead air
describe the tracheobronchial tree (respiratory portion)
respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct, alveolar sac, and alveolus
how many cartilage rings in trachea?
15 - 20
what are the three surfaces of the lung?
costal, mediastinal (medial), and diaphragmatic (inferior)
what are the 3 borders of the lung?
anterior, posterior, and inferior
