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Respiratory Anatomy > Respiratory system > Flashcards

Respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the features of the respiratory tract?

A
  • Nasal Cavity= adjusts temperature and humidity of air breathed in (concha turbinate, rich blood upply)
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Bronchioles
  • Alveoli
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2
Q

What are the features of the nasal cavity?

A

-Elongated wedge shaped space with log large inferior base and narrow apex
-Eustachian tube
-Nasal pharyngeal tonsil
-Nasal septum (divides cavity into 2= left and right)
-Septal cartilage (anterior n.c.)
-Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone (inferiorly nasal septum)
-Choanae= (air passage into pharynx, posteriorly)
-Vomer (posteriorly n.c.)
=Conchae (x3 ridges formed of curved bone so known as shelves)= turbinate, superior, middle and inferior, divide into 4 parts, lined with mucus membrane and cilia
=Meatus=passage or opening air travels, formed by concha
(inferior, middle, superior, spheno-ethmoidal recess)

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3
Q

What are the Paranasal sinuses?

A

-All drain into nasal cavity
-Lightens weight of skull
=Frontal- triangular, drains lateral wall of cavity
=Ethmoidal (Ethmoida 1 air cells), anterior middle and posterior components
=Maxillary- largest, pyramidal
=Sphenoidal- into recess

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4
Q

What are the communicating structures in the nasal cavity?

A

Ethmoidal bulla=

  • Pharyngotympanic tube (Eustachian tube) – connects nasal cavity to the middle ear cavity
  • Nasolacrimal duct (tear duct) – connects lacrimal sac to nasal cavity
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5
Q

What is the Pharynx?

A

-Nasopharynx
=Choanae (posterior apertures)- soft palate
-Oropharynx
=Posterior opening of oral cavity- epiglottis
-Laryngopharynx
=Laryngeal inlet- Oesophagus (C6)
-Soft palate “flutter valve” allows to elevation and depression
-Pharyngotympanic tube opens into nasopharynx

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6
Q

What are the constrictor muscles of the pharynx?

A
  • Superior, Middle attach onto hyoid bone) and Inferior constrictor
  • Stylopharyngeous
  • Phalangeal raphe and tubercle (posterior)
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7
Q

What are the longitudinal muscles of the pharynx?

A

-Move pharyngeal wall up and over bolus of food being moved through the pharynx
=Salpingopharyngeous
=Paltopharyngeous
=Stylopharyngeous

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8
Q

Describe the innervation of the pharynx

A
  • Pharyngeal branch of Vagus nerve [X] (carrying cranial root of accessory nerve)
  • Glossopharyngeal nerve [IX] to Stylopharyngeous
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9
Q

What is the structure of the Larynx?

A

-Voice Box
-Cartilaginous structure
=Thyroid cartilage (T)= largest, inferior to hyoid bone
=Cricoid cartilage (C)= inferior to thyroid cartilage
=Arytenoid cartilage x 2 (A)= on top of cricoid
=Epiglottis (E)= posterior, allows for closure of the larynx during swelling
-T, C & A are hyaline cartilage
-E is elastic fibrocartilage
-Laryngeal prominence= Adam’s apple

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10
Q

What are the features of the thyroid cartilage?

A
  • Superior horn- attach to hyoid bone
  • Laryngeal prominence
  • Lamina (Left and Right)
  • Inferior horn (articulate to cricoid)
  • 90-120 degrees (angle between lamina, depends on gender, acute in males)
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11
Q

What are the features of the Cricoid cartilage?

A
  • Arch of cricoid cartilage (anterior)
  • Lamina of cricoid cartilage- oval shaped depressions allows for muscle attachment
  • Most inferior cartilage
  • Shaped like sigmoid ring
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12
Q

What are the features of the Arytenoid cartilage?

A
  • Pyramidal shape
  • Lamina of cricoid cartilage
  • Vocal process
  • Base- articulate with lamina of cricoid cartilages
  • Apex
  • Muscular process
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13
Q

What is the Epiglottis?

A
  • Closes over the entrance to the larynx to stop food/ liquid entering during swallowing
  • Leaf shape
  • Elevation and depression
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14
Q

What are the ligaments of the larynx?

A

-Thyrohyoid membrane
=Tough fibro-elastic ligament
=Superior margin of thyroid cartilage- inserts into hyoid bone
-Cricotracheal ligament
=Lower border of cricoid cartilage- inserts into upper border of 1st tracheal cartilage
=Fibrous membrane between tracheal cartilage
-Cricothyroid ligament/ membrane
=Cricoid cartilage- inserts Thyroid & posteriorly inserts arytenoid cartilages
=Free upper margin = Vocal ligament

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15
Q

What are the vocal fold of the larynx?

A

-Vestibular fold= mucosa overlying vestibular ligament (false vocal folds)
-Vocal fold= mucosa overlying vocal ligament (true vocal folds)
Divide larynx into three chambers: vestibule, middle, interglossal space

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16
Q

What are the muscles of the larynx?

A

-Cricothyroid
=Straight and oblique parts
=Lengthens vocal folds
=External laryngeal nerve (branch of the superior laryngeal nerve)
-Posterior cricoarytenoid muscles
=Primary abductors of vocal folds (open the vocal folds)
=Recurrent laryngeal nerve
-Lateral cricoarytenoid muscles
=Adductors of vocal folds (close the vocal folds)
=Recurrent laryngeal nerve

17
Q

Describe the sensory innervation of the larynx

A
  • Vagus nerve
  • Sensory above vocal folds – L and; R superior laryngeal nerves (internal branch)
  • Sensory below vocal folds – L & R recurrent laryngeal nerves
  • Recurrent laryngeal nerves man nerve supply to muscles of the larynx except cricothyroid (external branch of superior laryngeal nerves instead)
18
Q

Describe the motor innervation of the larynx

A
  • Vagus nerve
  • All motor innervation – L & R recurrent laryngeal nerves
  • Except cricothyroid – L & R superior laryngeal nerves (external branch)
19
Q

Describe the overall innervation of the larynx

A
  • Sensory above vocal folds- L & R superior laryngeal nerves (internal branch)
  • Sensory below vocal folds-L & R recurrent laryngeal nerves
  • All motor innervation L & R recurrent laryngeal nerves
  • Except cricothyroid L & R superior laryngeal nerves (external branch)
20
Q

Describe the trachea

A

-Continuous with the larynx
-Walls are held open by C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
=Incomplete posteriorly to allow food to travel down the oesophagus
=Immediately anterior to oesophagus
=Recurrent laryngeal nerve runs between the oesophagus and trachea in the tracheooesophageal groove
-Bifurcates into primary bronchi at T4/5

21
Q

Describe the histology of the respiratory system

A
  • Most of the upper respiratory tract is covered in pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium (“respiratory epithelium”)
  • Goblet cells (G) – produce mucus to trap foreign particles
  • Cilia (C) - beat to transport mucus out of the respiratory system
22
Q

Describe the histology of the trachea

A
  • Respiratory epithelium
  • Cartilage ring (C)
  • Trachealis muscle (T)- internally circular, externally longitudinal, completes the trachea posteriorly
  • Mucosa (M)
  • Longitudinal muscle (L)
23
Q

Describe the histology of the primary bronchus

A

-Respiratory epithelium (RE)
-Cartilage (C), not c shaped
-Mucous/ serous glands (G)
-Elastic lamina propria (LP)
-Smooth muscle (M), increased
-Ciliated epithelial cells (CC)
=Not as tall
=Fewer goblet cells
-Right primary bronchus= lies in closer alignment with the orientation of the trachea, has largest diameter, the lung you would expect an inhaled foreign body to pass

24
Q

Describe the histology of the bronchiole

A
  • <1mm lumen
  • Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium -Ciliated columnar epithelium
  • NO glands
  • NO cartilage
  • Smooth muscle (M)
25
Q

Describe the histology of the alveoli

A
  • Simple squamous epithelium
  • Alveolus (A)
  • Alveolar duct (AD)
  • Alveolar sac (AS)
  • Bronchiole (R)
  • Type I pneumocyte (P1)- alveolar lining cells
  • Type II pneumocyte (P2)- secrete surfactant
  • Capillary (C)
  • Red blood cell (RBC)
26
Q

What 3 structures form the nasal septum?

A
  • Perpendicular plate of ethmoid
  • Vomer
  • Septal cartilages
27
Q

How can bacteria and viruses affect swallowing?

A
  • On posterior wall of nasal cavity, in the region of the pharynx known as the nasopharynx, pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)
  • Aggregations of lymphoid tissue which act to protect the airway from inhaled bacteria and viruses
  • When they become enlarged due to infection they can very effectively close the communication between the oropharynx and the nasopharynx, which can make swallowing difficult
28
Q

How does infection lead to a hoarse throat?

A
  • While the right recurrent laryngeal nerve passes around/under the right subclavian artery to enter the shallow groove between the oesophagus and trachea, the left recurrent laryngeal nerve passes around/under the arch of the aorta
  • As it does this, it passes very close to the lymph nodes between the trachea and left primary bronchus
  • If these nodes become enlarged due to disease, they can impinge on the left recurrent laryngeal nerve which may impact the left laryngeal muscles, including the posterior cricoarytenoid
  • This can cause the left vocal cord to move towards the midline and produce a hoarse voice
29
Q

Compare and contrast the epithelium of the respiratory tract

A

Large bronchus= pseudo-stratified, ciliated, columnar
Small bronchus= pseudo-stratified, ciliated, columnar
Bronchiole= pseudo-stratified, ciliated, columnar
Terminal bronchiole= simple ciliated columnar
Respiratory bronchiole= simple cuboidal
Alveolar duct= simple cuboidal

30
Q

Compare and contrast the number of goblet cells of the respiratory tract

A

Large bronchus= present
Small bronchus= a few present
Bronchiole= very scattered
Terminal and respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts= absent

31
Q

Compare and contrast the cartilage of the respiratory tract

A

Large bronchus= present
Small bronchus= a little present
Absent everywhere else

32
Q

Compare and contrast the glands of the respiratory tract

A

Large bronchus= present
Small bronchus= a few present
Absent everywhere else

33
Q

Compare and contrast the smooth muscle of the respiratory tract

A

Large and small bronchus= 2 sets (R and L) spiral
All bronchiole= present
Alveolar duct= a few fibres present

Respiratory Anatomy (3 decks)

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