Respiratory System Flashcards
- What is the function of the Upper and Lower respiratory tracts?
- What anatomy belongs to the URT and LRT
What are the pulmonary defence mechanisms of the respiratory tract?
What are the defences located at each level of the respiratory tract
What is the difference between Pneumcytes type 1 and 2 that are within the Alveoli
- Type 1
- Large and Squamous
- Form part of the aloveolar diffusion barrier
- Type 2
- 60% of cells but 5% area of lining
- Secrete surfactant (along with Clara cells)
- Can divide and replace Type 1 cells
What is
Apnoea
Oligopnoea
Polypnoea
Hyperpnoea
Dyspnoea
- Apnoea = (None)
- Oligopnoea = Low Rate
- Polypnoea = High Rate
- Hyperpnoea = Increased Depth
- Dyspnoea = Laboured
What clinical signs would you see for restrictive Respiratory Failure?
- Rapid Shallow Breathing +/-Dysponea
- Intrapulmonary
- Decreased complience (Stiffer)
- Increased diffusion barrier
- Interstitial pneumonia
- Pulmonary oedema
- Alveolar fibrosis
- Atelectactasis (collapse lung)
- Extrapulmonary
- Decreased Ventalation
- Lung Compression
- Pleural fluid
- haemothorax
- pneumothorax
- SOL eg Neoplasm
- Lung Compression
- Decreased Ventalation
What are the causes of Obstructive Respiratory Failure (reduced Ventilation)
- Inspiration/Expiration dysponea
- Rapid deep breaths
- Airway obstruction
- Decreased ventilation
- Bronchitis
- Bronchiolitis
- Decreased ventilation
- Decreased Elasticity
- Increased Distension
- Emphysema
- Increased Distension
What is a Sneeze?
Where does a sneeze localise the lesion?
- Sudden, forceful, and noisy expulsion of air from the lungs via nose - protective reflex to try and get foreign material out of the nose.
- Localises lesion to the nose/nasal passages
What are the clinical signs of a reverse sneeze
What disease can cause reverse sneezing?
- REverse sneeze = paroxysmal, noisy, laboured inspiratory effort
- Reflex stimulated by material in the nasopharynx or sometimes nose
- attempt to clear nasopharynx
- localises lesion to naso/oropharynx
- Disease that cause Reverse sneezing
- Excitment
- Foreign Bodies
- Epiglottic entrapment of the soft palate
- Post nasal drip
- Mass eg fungal granulomas, polyps
What is Stertor
Congested “Snorky” snoring noise
Localises to nose of nasopharynx
Heard in brachiocephalic breeds
Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS)
What is Strider and where is is localised?
Harsh, high-pitched noise
Localised to Larynx or trachea
Laryngeal Paralysis
How do you diferentiate a Upper or Lower respiratory cough?
- Upper = Honking cough (Goose)
- Lower = deep, soft cough
What are the clinical signs seen in the upper respiratory tract
- Sneezing
- Abnormal discharge (unilateral or bilateral)
- Paroxysmal reverse sneezing
- Distortion of the nasal contours (symmetry)
- Stertor
- Halitosis
- Muzzle Pain
What is passive humoral immunity?
Antibodies that are passed from one to another, eg from mother to child through the placenta or clostrum, or through a blood transfusion
What is a collapsed lung called?
Atelectatic
