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Histology Exam 3 > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

upper respiratory system

A

is the path that air follows from entry through the nostrils to passage through the glottis

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2
Q

sinuses

A

• End where the left and right sides of the cavity join – where the septum ends

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3
Q

function of sinuses

A

a. Resonance chambers for speech

b. Reduce weight of the skull

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4
Q

turbinal bones

A

project from the sides of both chambers

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5
Q

function of turbinal bones

A

• increase their surface area

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6
Q

olfactory epithelium

A
  • lining the nasal cavity

* more present in people with good sense of smell

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7
Q

respiratory epithelium

A
  • ciliated

* supported by lamina propria

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8
Q

function of olfactory epithelium

A

sensing odors within inhaled air

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9
Q

functions of respiratory epithelium

A

• removes particulate matter form inhaled air

a. traps in secretions
b. cilia move to pharyngeal region where it is swallowed

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10
Q

epithlium of respiratory mucosa

A

ciliated

pseudostratified

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11
Q

glands of respiratory epithelium

A

Mucus secreting
Serous glands
Goblet cells

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12
Q

epithelium of olfactory mucosa

A

Contains olfactory cells, supporting cells, and basal cells

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13
Q

glands of olfactory mucosa

A

bowman’s glands

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14
Q

what type of mucosa can be found in the nasopharynx

A

respiratory mucosa

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15
Q

eustachian tubes

A
  • allow equilibration of air pressure between the ears and pharnx
  • connect the middle ear cavities to the nasopharynx
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16
Q

tonsils

A
  • guard the entrances to the eustachian tubes, trachea, and esophagus
  • adenoid in nasopharynx
  • palantine and lingual in oropharynx
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17
Q

glottis

A

• opening to the trachea

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18
Q

epiglottis

A

• cartilage that covers the glottis when food is swallowed to prevent it from entering the trachea

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19
Q

structure of the epiglottis

A
  • Coved by stratified, squamous epithelium
  • Supported by dense connective tissue
  • Interior contains patches of elastic cartilage interspersed among regions of white adipose tissue
  • Covers the glottis
  • Within the larynx
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20
Q

structure of the larynx

A
  • Formed by several pairs of cartilage which surround the upper end of the trachea
  • Dorsally one pair connects to the hyoid bone which is part of the skeleton
  • The vocal cords are found within and connected to cartilages on opposite sides of the tracheal lumen
  • The ventral cartilage support the epiglottis
  • controls movement of vocal cords
  • between the oropharynx and trachea
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21
Q

structure of vocal cords

A

i. Bands of connective tissue
ii. Stretched across the larynx just above the glottis
iii. Connected to the sides of the larnx by folds of tissue sometimes called the false vocal cords

22
Q

function of vocal cords

A

iv. Move apart during inhalation to allow air through
v. Move together and are stretched tight during speech. When air forced between stretched vocal cords they vibrate to produce sound

23
Q

bronchial tree

A

Branching series of tubes that conduct air into the tissue of the lungs

24
Q

components of the bronchial tree

A
  • trachea
  • two primary bronchi entering each lung
  • bronchial tubes
  • bronchioles
  • terminal bronchiole
  • respiratory bronchioles
25
Q

tissues of the trachea

A 
hyaline cartilage
dense, fibroelastic tissue
trachealis muscle
longitudinal smooth muscle
glandular mucosa covered by respiratory epithelium
26
Q

function of hyaline cartilage in trachea

A

form the rings

27
Q

function of dense, fibroelastic tissue in trachea

A

forms the tracheal wall between rings

28
Q

function of trachealis muscle in trachea

A
  • Connect the open ends of tracheal rings

* When contract, constricts the tracheal lumen increasing the pressure of exhaled air when coughing

29
Q

function of longitudinal smooth muscle in trachea

A
  • Run along the dorsal edge of the trachea

* When contract, pull the rings together increasing the diameter of the lumen

30
Q

describe the mucosa of trachea

A
  • glandular mucosa covered by ciliated respiratory epithelium with goblet cells
  • submucosa thicker between rings
  • contains abundant glands with serous and mucus product
31
Q

describe the changes from the trachea to the primary bronchus

A
  • Few goblet cells
  • Elastic fibers in the lamina propria
  • A layer of smooth muscle separating the mucosa and submucosa
  • Fewer glands
  • Flattened, interconnected plates rather then rings of hyaline
  • Mast cells
32
Q

describe the changes from the primary bronchus to the bronchi

A
  • Smaller diameter
  • Discontinuous hyaline cartilage plates
  • More prominent smooth muscle in spiral around the bronchus
33
Q

describe the changes from the bronchi to small bronchial tube

A
  • Cartilage reduces to a few irregular plates
  • Columnar epithelium with little pseudostratification
  • Greatly reduced goblet cells
  • Rare glands in submucosa
  • Prominent spiraling smooth muscle
  • Submucosa merges with surrounding tissue
34
Q

describe the changes from the small bronchial tube to the bronchioles

A
  • Very small diameter, <1 mm
  • No cartilage
  • Simple columnar or cuboidal, ciliated
  • Spiral smooth muscle below thin lamina propria
  • Clara cells replace goblet cells
35
Q

terminal bronchioles

A
  • Near the end of the bronchial tree
  • Lead to respiratory bronchioles
  • Have intact wall and do not participate in gas exchange
  • Cuboidal epithelium
  • Patches of tissue containing muscle, collagen, and elastin fibers support these bronchiole
36
Q

respiratory bronchioles

A

• Surrounded by alveoli and participate in gas exchange
• Alveoli
a. The terminal units of the lung where gas exchange occurs
• Gaps in the wall
• As the terminal bronchial becomes respiratory bronchiole, the epithelum and underlying wall disappear – they are essentially air channels surrounded by alveoli

37
Q

describe alveoli

A
  • thin walled sacs that function in gas exchange
  • lined by simple epithelium with 2 cell types
  • contain macrophages
  • walls have fibroelastic component
  • have capillaries between them
38
Q

cell types of the epithelium of alveoli

A

type I pneumocyte

type II pneumocyte

39
Q

describe the fibroelastic component of alveoli

A
  • Walls of alveoli contain fine reticulin and collagen in addition to the predominant elastin
  • The fibers of each are continuous with the fibers of the next forming a supportive framework
40
Q

blood-air barrier

A

-• Formed by the cytoplasm of type I pneumocytes and the cytoplasm of an endothelial cell in the endothelium of capillaries – the basement membranes between the two cells are fused
• Pores within the epithelium allow communication between adjacent alveoli which allows air pressure to equilibrate throughout the lung tissue

41
Q

type I pneumocytes

A
  • in the simple epithelium of alveoli
  • provide barrio between the interior of the alveolus and the surrounding capillaries
  • Line the alveoli and are in intimate contact with surrounding capillaries – branches of the pulmonary artery
  • Form air-blood barrier which facilitates gas exchange
42
Q

type II penumocytes

A
  • in the simple epithelium of alveoli
  • Round with large nucleus
  • Secrete surfactant – a mixture of phospholipids
  • Can divide and differentiate into either type I or type II pneumocytes if the lung tissue is damaged
  • Their cytoplasmic vesicles contain phospholipids
43
Q

clara cells

A
  • Become more numerous as bronchioles become smaller
  • Tip often protrudes into the lumen
  • Denser cytoplasm then ciliated cell and lack cilia
  • Secretory
44
Q

Clara cells functions

A
  • secrete surfactant

- divide and differentiate ito replace damaged cells in the epithelium

45
Q

alveolar macrophages

A
  • Wander through the lung tissue and remove inhaled particles and bacteria
  • Can also move from alveoli to another via intralveolar pores
46
Q

alveolar capillaries

A
  • between the type I pneumocytes in alveoli

* exposes blood to the air within the alveolus

47
Q

pulmonary elastic tissue

A
  • within the walls of alveoli

* form the supporting framework throughout the lung tissue

48
Q

lung pleura

A

• Tough, fibrous tissue – dense connective tissue containing collage and elastin fibers
• Outer surface is covered by simple squamous epithelium called mesothelium
• The fibrous tissue of the pleura extends into the lung to form fibrous septa
• Both pleura and septa contain…
a. Larger blood vessels entering the lungs
b. Lymph vessels draining lymph capillaries of the brachial tree

49
Q

bronchitis

A
  • Occurs due to irritation of the bronchial tubes

* Results in thickening of the bronchial wall, especially the muscle and glandular regions

50
Q

causes of bronchitis

A

a. Bacterial infection
b. Viral infection
c. Inhalation of chemicals
i. Smoking

51
Q

chronic bronchitis

A
  • Epithelium changes from pseudostratified columnar to stratified squamous in an attempt to protect the bronchial tissue from irritation and abrasion
  • This results in the loss of cilia, allowing copious mucous secreted by the enlarged glandular region to accumulate
  • Coughing is then required to remove the mucous
52
Q

emphysema

A

• Alveolar walls lose their fibroelastic support
a. The elastin scaffold of the lungs is compromised causing alveoli to collapse during expiration
b. Can result in collapse of the lung if widespread
• Caused by chronic infection or long-term heavy smoking

Histology Exam 3 (3 decks)

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