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MicroAnatomy > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

respiratory portion

A 
respiratory bronchioles
aveolar ducts
aveolar scas
alveoli
Exchange of gases bet air and blood
Maximize surface area
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2
Q

conducting airways

A 
nasal cavities
paranasal sinuses
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
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3
Q

structure of conducting portion

A

1) Mucosa - epithelium
2) Lamina propria - underlying CT = loose fibro-elastic CT, may contain lymph
3) Submucosa - fibro-elastic CT
4) Support elements - bone/cartilage/smooth mm
5) Adventitia - CT merging w/ surrounding tissues (when not resting on bone)

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4
Q

Respiratory epithelium

A

pseudostratified columnar
ciliated cells
goblet cells

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5
Q

Olfactory epithelium

A 
pseudostratified columnar
olfactory receptor cells
basal cells
(lacks goblet cells)
thicker than resp epithelium
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6
Q

Bronchiolar epithelium

A

simple cuboidal -> columnar

Clara cells

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7
Q

Alveolar epithelium

A

simple epithelium
Type I cells (squamous)
Type II cells (rounded to cuboidal)

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8
Q

Nasal epithelium

A

minimally keratinized simple squamous epithelium

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9
Q

Respiratory epithelial cell types

A

5 cell types:

  1. columnar ciliated cells
  2. goblet
  3. brush
  4. small granule
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10
Q

columnar ciliated cells

A

type of resp epi

regular motile cilia move mucus

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11
Q

goblet cells

A

type of resp epi
make and secrete mucus
features; rER, golgi, apical secretory vesicles
Mucus = hydrated mix of glycoproteins and proteoglycans

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12
Q

brush cells

A

columnar cells with short blunt microvilli
general sensation
innervated by CN V

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13
Q

small granule cells

A

Bronchial cell of Kulchitsky
diffuse neuroendocrine sys (DNES)
- amine precursor uptake & decarboxylation
Stain w/ silver salts

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14
Q

extrapulmonary bronchi

A

c-shaped rings of cartilage
same structure as trachea just smaller
smooth mm restricted to cartilage-free border at first
ciliated pseudostrat columnar epi w/goblet cells

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15
Q

intrapulmonary bronchi

A

complete but broken ring of cartilage

surrounded by lung parenchyma

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16
Q

trachea

A

Mucosa - cil pseudostrat col epi w/ thick basement membrane (ciliated, goblet, and basal cells)
1) Lamina propria - loose fibro-elastic CT, also contains lymphoid aggregations
2) boundary w/ Submucosa marked by elastic lamina
Submucosa - mixed seromucous glands, blood vessels, larger lymph, ANS ganglia

Cartilaginous/ Smooth mm layer/Fibro-elastic CT

Adventitia - lots of fat, nerve cells, and blood vessels

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17
Q

Primary bronchi divide into

A

lobar (secondary) bronchi

tertiary (segmental) bronchi

18
Q

lobar (secondary) bronchi divide into

A

tertiary (segmental) bronchi

19
Q

bronchopulmonary segment

A

supplied by a tertiary bronchus
largest subdivision of a lobe
separated by CT septa
surgically resectable portion - has own conduction system and vascular supply

20
Q

bronchial mucosa

A

similar to trachea but smaller lamina propria
spirals of smooth mm (muscularis mucosae) replace elastic fiber layer of trachea - sep mucosa from submucosa
Submucousa - serous and mucous glands become fewer the farther down, ANS ganglia, br of bronchial artery & vein, lymph
Adventia - irregular plates of cartilage

21
Q

bronchial glands

A

seromucous

22
Q

bronchioles

A 
smallest conducting passages
lack cartilage
lack glands
goblet cells only in larger bronchioles
smooth mm major component of wall
attach to surrounding tissue via elastic fibers
23
Q

Clara Cells

A 
Bronchiolar (clara) cells
inc as # of ciliated cells decrease
dome-shaped apical end projects into lumen
secrete some protein comp of surfactant
degrade toxins
stem cells for bronchiolar epithelium
24
Q

terminal bronchioles

A 
ciliated cuboidal epithelium
clara cells
NO goblet cells in healthy lungs
last part purely conducting
must see a resp bronchiole branching from it to say it is truly terminal
25
Q

respiratory bronchiols

A

junction between conducting & exchange portion
cuboidal epithelium interrupted by alveoli
clara cell dominate
br 3-8 times, ea br ends in an alveolar duct

26
Q

alveolar duct

A

linear arrangement of alveoli
interalveolar septa
smooth mm and collegen III regulate opening into ea alveolus lining the duct

27
Q

alveolar sac

A

small clusters of alveoli that open from a common space

28
Q

alveolus

A

small outpouching w/ thin-walls that permid gas exchange

alveolar pores - allow airflow between adjacent alveoli keeping pressures equalized

29
Q

alveolar wall (septum)

A

thin epi and CT layers
CT - delicate reticular & elastic fibers in Interstitial tissue bet alveoli
Capillary endothelium - simple squa, non-fenestrated type
Alveolar type I and II cells at air surface (epithelial cells)

30
Q

alveolar type I cells

A 
squamous pulmonary epithelial cell
small alveolar cell
pneumocyte type 1
cover 95% of alveolar surface
provide intact surface of min thickness
permeable to gases
31
Q

alveolar type II

A

cuboidal
located at septal junctions
numerous as type 1 but only cover 2-5% of alveolar surface
lamellar bodies release pulmonary surfactant (via exocytosis)

32
Q

pulmonary surfactant

A

release by lamellar bodies of type II alveolar cells

decreases surface tension and prevents collapse of alveoli

33
Q

brush cells

A

found infrequently in alveolar epithelium

thought to be sensory receptor cells

34
Q

alveolar pores (pores of Kohn)

A

permit airflow bet adjacent alveoli, keeping pressures equalized
imp in obstructive disease prevents normal passage of air to some alveoli
also used by macrophhages, pathogens etc

35
Q

alveolar macrophage

A 
alveolar phagocyte/dust cell
derived from monocytes
enter lung via bloodstream
in CT and on alveolar surface
phagocytose RBCs - yellow
36
Q

alveolar wall (inter-alveolar septum)

A

Thin region - basal lamina of cap and alveolar epi merge - minimal blood-air interface
Thick region - epi retain own basal lamina, CT also contains some elastic and reticular fibers
elastic fibers important for collapse of alveolus during exhalation
major site of fluid accum in pulmonary edema

37
Q

bronchial arterial system

A

systemic circ, br of aorta
supplies oxy blood to tissues of airway walls and pleura
extend as fara as terminal bronchioles then anastomose w/ pulmonary arteries

38
Q

bronchial veins

A

only drain the CT of the hilar region of the lungs (hilar = hilum = root)

39
Q

lung pleura

A

two layers:
Visceral - covers lung
Parietal - covers chest wall and diaphragm
meet at hilar root
Pleural mesothelium rest on thin layer of collagen and elastic CT, cuboidal -> columnar

40
Q

parietal pleural lymphatics

A

major exit rout of liquid from the pleural space
- stomas -> collecting lymphatics -> infracostal lymphatics -> parasternal and periaortic nodes -> thoracic duct -> systemic venous system

41
Q

innvervation of pleura

A

visceral portion not innervated

pain is from parietal pleura

MicroAnatomy (2 decks)

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