Respiratory System Flashcards
Consist of structures used to acquire oxygen and remove carbon dioxide from the blood
Respiratory System
What are the 2 regions in the Respiratory System
UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT – nose to the larynx
LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT -
trachea to the alveoli
Structures
from the nose to the smallest air tubes
within the lungs where ventilation
happens
Conducting Zone
Movement of air into and
out of the lungs
Ventilation
2 Types of Respiration
Pulmonary Respiration (external) & Systemic Respiration (internal)
Functions of the Respiratory System
- Regulation of the Blood pH
- Production of Chemical Mediators
- Voice Production
- Olfaction
- Protection
The open chamber inside the nose
where air first enters the respiratory system
Nasal Cavity
Lines with stratified squamous epithelium, the
anterior region of the nasal cavity
Vestibule
Connects the nasal cavity and mouth to
the larynx and esophagus inferiorly. Common passageway for air, food, and
drink
Pharynx
Anterior part of the throat, from the base of the tongue to the trachea
Larynx (Voice Box)
False vocal cords
Vestibular Folds
True Vocal Cords
Vocal Folds
Descends from the larynx through the neck
to the fifth thoracic vertebra. Composed of dense regular connective tissue and smooth muscle reinforced with 15-20 C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage, which protect the trachea and keep the airway open.
Trachea
A ridge of cartilage where the trachea divides into two bronchi
Carina
Consists of the trachea and the network of air tubes in the lungs. The smaller bronchi continue getting smaller until they terminate into microscopic tubes and sacs
Tracheobronchial Tree
Small air filled chambers where gas exchange
between the air and blood takes place. Sites of pulmonary respiration.
Alveoli
Thin squamous epithelial cells (90% of alveolar surface) most of the gas exchange between
alveolar air and the blood takes place
through these cells
Type 1 Pneumocytes
Round/ cube secretory cells that produce surfactants to support alveolar expansion during inspiration
Type II Pneumocytes
Thoracic wall
consists of:
- Thoracic vertebrae
- Costal cartilages
- Sternum
- Associated muscles
Principal organs of respiration. Base rest on diaphragm and the apex extends superiorly to
approx. 2.5 cm above the clavicle
Lungs
Supply deoxygenated systemic blood to be oxygenated
Pulmonary Arteries
Provide systemic oxygenated blood to the lung tissue
Bronchial arteries
Thin, double-layered serous membranes
Pleura
Negative pressure space between the parietal
and visceral pleura
Pleural Cavity
F = P1 - P2 / R
Formula in Pressure Changes and Airflow
Tendency for an expanded lung to decrease in size due to
1. Elastic fibers in the connective
tissue
2. Surface tension
Lung Recoil
- Pressure in the pleural cavity
- Sub-atmospheric pleural pressure in caused by
1. Removal of fluid from the pleural cavity
2. Lung recoil
Pleural Pressure
Sum of two or more pulmonary volumes
Pulmonary Capacities
Tidal Volume x Respiratory Rate = ?
Minute Volume
Measurement of the ease with which the lungs and thorax expand
Lung Compliance
(Vt - Vd) x f = ?
Alveolar Ventilation (Va)
Higher than normal compliance = less resistance to lung and thorax expansion
Emphysema
Areas of the respiratory system where gas exchange does not take place
Dead space
The amount of air that can be inspired forcefully after a normal inspiration
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
Carry oxygenated blood from lungs back to the heart
Pulmonary Veins
- Surface acting agent
- Mixture of lipoprotein molecules
- Acts in reducing surface tension in the alveoli
Surfactant
Carry the deoxygenated blood back to the heart
Bronchial Veins
The right and left bronchi are formed by the division of the trachea
Main bronchi/ Primary Bronchi
Determined by the length and tension of the vocal cords, which changes the frequency of the vibrations
Pitch
3 regions of the pharnyx
- Nasopharynx
- Orophraynx
- Laryngopharnyx
