Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

FoundSci Unit 7 > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory system? x4

A

Air conduction (transport) to and from alveoli:
- ventilation - moving air in/out of lungs
- carry olfactory stimuli
-moving air past larynx to generate speech

Conditioning the air

Air Filtration

Mechanical respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the components of the respiratory system?

A

Extrapulmonary portions

Intrapulmonary portions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are not part of the respiratory tract or path of air?

A

CT stroma - divides lungs into lobes

Visceral and parietal pleurae - define and lubricate pleural caivty

Muscles of respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the conducting portion of the respiratory system?

A

Extrapulmonary

Intrapulmonary - secondary bronchi to terminal bronchioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the respiratory portion of the tract?

A

Structures associated with alveoli and where gas exchange with blood actually occurs

Respiratory bronchioles to alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What structures are part of the conducting portion?

A

Trachea
Primary bronchi (1 per lung)
Secondary bronchi (1 per lobe)
Tertiary bronchi
Small bronchi
Bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What structures are part of the respiratory portion?

A

Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar duct
Alveolar sac
Alveolus

Either these structures are alveoli or they have alveoli budding off of them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the general layers of tracts?

A

Mucosa - surface epithelium, lamina propria (loose CT with glands), muscularis mucosae (smooth muscle)

Submucosa - more loose CT with glands

Muscularis externa - smooth muscle

Adventitia or serosa - covering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the layers of the respiratory tract?

A

Mucosa
- surface epithelium
-lamina propria - areolar or fibroelastic CT
-muscularis - smooth muscle

Submucosa - dense irregular fibroelastic CT

Adventitia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the function of the muscularis layer of the respiratory tract?

A

Regulates diameter of airways

Sometimes provides structural support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the function of the adventitia of the respiratory tract?

A

Covering or anchoring

May contain cartilage that keeps large airways patent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the only layer of the olfactory region? What are its characteristics?

A

Olfactory mucosa - olfactory epithelium and lamina propria

This mucosa sits on periosteum of the cribiform plate in roof of nasal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the characteristics of the olfactory epithelium of the olfactory region?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar - no goblet cells

Olfactory receptor cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the characteristics of the lamina propria of the olfactory mucosa?

A

Supporting CT - areolar CT

Vessels - arteries, lymph, and swell bodies (small venous plexuses)

Nerves - unmyelinated axons from olfactory receptor cells form bundles called CN I (Olfactory nerve)

Olfactory glands (Bowman’s glands) - serous glands whose secretions trap and dissolve odorants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the characteristics of the olfactory receptor cell, dendrite bulb and cilia?

A

Long nonmotile cilia lie flat on epithelia surface (facing cavity)

Olfactory receptors are cell membranes of cilia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the characteristics of the olfactory receptor cell?

A

bipolar neuron

Unmyelinated axons

Axons form bundles in the LP (CN I) and bundles pass through holes in ethmoid bone to reach olfactory bulb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the characteristics of the supporting cell (sustentacular cell) of the olfactory region?

A

Glial cells that support, nourish, and physically separate neurons

Secrete odorant binding proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the characteristics of the basal cell and brush cell of the olfactory region?

A

Basal cell - stem cell

Brush cell - columnar with microvilli, general sensory reception via CN V

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Explain how viruses entering olfactory receptor cells can trigger apoptosis.

A

Olfactory receptor cells are exposed to circulating air in the nasa cavity

Their axons are on route to CNS that allows pathogens to bypass the blood brain barrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the respiratory epithelium cells?

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with cilia and goblet cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What cells are part of the respiratory epithelium? What do they do? x6

A

Goblet cells - secrete mucus, which traps dust, particles, and pathogens

Ciliated columnar cells - cilia move mucus towards mouth

Basal cells - stem cells

Brush cells - general sensory receptors

Neuroendocrine cells (Kulchitsky cells, small granule cells) - secrete hormones like catecholamines, serotonin, calcitonin

Mast cells and intraepithelial lymphocytes (T lymph)

22
Q

What is numerous in fetal lungs but decreases after birth? Also it may proliferate during certain pulmonary diseases?

A

Neuroendocrine cells (kulchitsky cells)

23
Q

Explain mucociliary clearance

A

If mucus becomes too thick, cilia have much more difficult time clearing it or unable to do so

24
Q

What is the mucosa of the nasal cavity, sinuses, and nasopharynx?

A

Nasal mucosa - respiratory epithelium and lamina propria

Lamina propria is well vascularized with many swell bodies - vessels and glands condition air by adding warmth and moisture

25
Q

What ruptures during nose bleeds?

A

Swell bodies

26
Q

What is the mucosa of the oral cavity, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx?

A

Mucosa is nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium and lamina propria

Need thicker epithelium because food more abrasive than air

27
Q

What is the epithelium of the larynx?

A

Respiratory epithelium

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium on true vocal cords

Lamina propria - numerous mucous and seromucous glands (keeps air and mucosa moist)

Lacks muscularis and submucosa

Adventitia in most parts contains hyaline cartilage

Adventitia of epiglottis contains elastic cartilage - allows it to return to original position after swallowing

28
Q

What are the trends for epithelium in respiratory tract?

A

More cell types of larger airways

Tall pseudostratified columnar in most of tract to simple squamous in alveoli

29
Q

What are the trends of smooth muscle of muscularis of respiratory system?

A

Continuous sheets in larger bronchi and strips in smaller bronchi

Continuous sheets again in largest bronchioles and small circumferential strips in terminal and respiratory bronchioles

Absent in alveolar duct, alveolar sacs, and alveoli

30
Q

What are the trends of elastic fibers (in LP and submucosa) in respiratory tract?

A

Fairly consistent throughout but especially in alveoli

31
Q

What are the trends for cartilage in the respiratory tract?

A

Cartilage only in trachea and bronchi (adventitia)

Changes shape from trachea to smallest bronchi

Absent in bronchioles and alveoli

32
Q

Describe the mucosa of the trachea and bronchi

A

Respiratory epithelium in trachea and all bronchi - BM thick in trachea, primary and secondary bronchi (harder for pathogens)

Lamina propria often contains seromucous glands and BALT (bronchus associated lymphoid tissue)

Muscularis - absent in trachea and primary bronchi, present in secondary and tertiary bronchi and in smaller bronchi

33
Q

What is common in infant and if present in adults, usually associate with illness or smoking?

A

BALT

bronchus associated lymphoid tissue

34
Q

What is present in the submucosa and adventitia of the trachea and bronchi?

A

Submucosa contains submucosal glands

Adventitia is in all bronchi and contains hyaline cartilage. Trachea and primary bronchi have C-rings of trachealis muscle that spans the ends of the C rings and contracts to bring the ends together. Secondary, tertiary, and smaller bronchi have irregular plates

35
Q

What occurs to the bronchi when someone has asthma?

A

Bronchospasms constrict bronchi so trouble moving air in and move - short of breath and wheezing

Irritate bronchial mucosa - increased mucus production, inflammation of mucosa, muscularis, and submucosa in intrapulmonary bronchi

Edema and elevated WBCs in tissues

Repeated attacks cause increased number of goblet cells (more mucus) and permanent thickening of walls, especially in small bronchi

36
Q

Describe the epithelium of bronchioles

A

Bronchiolar epithelium

Respiratory epithelium in largest bronchioles and simple cuboidal in respiratory bronchioles

Most bronchioles lack goblet cells

Have club cells

Lamina propria has no glands and no BALT, lots of elastic fibers

Muscularis thick in all bronchioles

37
Q

What are club cells?

A

Present in bronchioles only and are stem cells and do secrete

Secrete surface antigen agent - prevents lumina adhesion and bronchiolar walls from collapsing

Secretes club cells secretory protein (CC16) - antioxidant and anti-inflammatory molecule

38
Q

What is elevated when bronchioles are damaged?

A

Club cell secretory protein (CC16)

39
Q

What is the epithelium of the terminal bronchioles?

A

Mucosa is a solid wall - no gaps in terminal bronchioles wall that open into lumens of surrounding alveoli

Short simple columnar epithelium. LP lacks glands

Muscularis in spiraling strips

No submucosa

Adventitia - fibroelastic CT

40
Q

What are the terminal bronchioles?

A

Smallest and last airways in conducting division

Solid walls that do not open into alveoli

41
Q

What are the respiratory bronchioles?

A

First airways in respiratory division

Walls have alveoli budding off them

Air can flow between respiratory bronchioles directly into alveoli and vice versa

Walls have cuboidal epithelium and smooth muscle

42
Q

What are the walls of alveolar ducts?

A

Lack cuboidal epithelium, smooth muscle and have more gaps opening into alveoli

Each duct terminates in an alveolar sac

43
Q

What are the alveoli?

A

Thin walled chambers where gas exchange with continuous capillaries occurs

Walls are alveolar epithelium

300-400 million alveoli in both lungs

Alveolar pores (pores of Kohn) - allow collateral gas circulation between adjacent alveoli when passages are blocked

44
Q

What do disease like emphysema do to alveoli?

A

Lower surface area by destroying alveolar walls, specifically destroy elastic fibers in walls and reduce ability to get air out of lungs

Toxic particles in smoke recruit neutrophils which travel to alveolar surface and secrete elastases that destroy elastic fibers. Over time, the neutrophils destroy the walls

45
Q

What part of the alveoli can serve as passageway for macrophages, exudates, and pathogens?

A

Alveolar pores (pores of Kohn)

46
Q

Describe the alveolar epithelium

A

2 cells types:
- Type I alveolar cells = type I pneumocyte
- Type II alveolar cells = type II pneumocyte

47
Q

What cells are not part of alveolar epithelium but are associated cells?

A

Alveolar macrophages - dust cells

Patrol surface of alveolar lumen

Patrol CT of alveolar septum

48
Q

What is the function and structure of type I alveolar cells?

A

Simple squamous - gas exchange

95% of alveolar surface area

Cannot divide

Thin and delicate

49
Q

What is the function and structure of type II alveolar cells?

A

Simple cuboidal with short microvilli

Stem cells that can divide into type I or type II

Secrete surfactant that reduces surface tensions and prevents moist alveolar walls from sticking to each other if alveolus collapses

50
Q

What is neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS)?

A

Premature babies have underdeveloped lungs and type II cells have not produces enough surfactant to prevent alveolar collapse or even lung collapse (atelectasis)

Serial blood gasses show worsening hypoxemia and metabolic acidosis

51
Q

What is the structure of the alveolar interstitium?

A

LP is pulmonary interstitium

CT is mostly elastic fibers with no glands

Elastic fibers allow alveoli to expand with inhalation and relax and return to shape during exhalation - passive way of getting air of out alveoli

No smooth muscle in alveolar wall

52
Q

What is the blood-gas barrier?

A

Physical barrier that includes everything gasses must cross - more than just the alveolar wall

Permeable to oxygen, CO2, CO, and other gasses

Site of gas transfer between alveolus and RBCs in capillary

Prevents air bubbles from forming in blood - if gas embolisms form, they can block blood vessels

Prevents blood from entering alveoli - bleeding adds more thickness to barrier

FoundSci Unit 7 (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions