RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

: What are the two main demonstrations involved in radionuclide lung imaging?

A

:

Pulmonary perfusion – by limited capillary blockade.
Assessment of ventilation – using radiolabeled gases or aerosols.

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2
Q

: What is the most common indication for nuclear medicine lung studies?

A

A: Diagnosis of pulmonary thromboembolism (PE).

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3
Q

ventilation Imaging

A

Radioactive gases: Krypton-81, Xenon-133.
Nanoparticles: 99mTc Technegas.
Radiolabeled aerosols: 99mTc DTPA.

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4
Q

Perfusion Imaging

A

Radiopharmaceutical: 99mTc Macroaggregated Albumin (MAA) (15-100 μm in diameter).

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5
Q

What is the primary clinical indication for lung perfusion imaging?

A

A: Diagnosis of pulmonary thromboembolism (PE).

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6
Q

What are the consequences of undiagnosed or misdiagnosed pulmonary thromboembolism?

A

Increased risk of fatal recurrence.
Development of chronic pulmonary hypertension.
Right heart failure (RHF).

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7
Q

Where do the majority of pulmonary thromboemboli originate?

A

A: From the deep veins of the lower limbs and pelvis (~90%).

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8
Q

Why does PE occur more frequently in the lower lobes of the lungs?

A

A: Due to preferential blood flow from gravity.

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9
Q

Other Sources of Pulmonary Emboli

A

Fat emboli: From long bone fractures or liposuction.
Air emboli: From cardiac and neurosurgeries.
Tumor emboli: From renal cell cancer invading the IVC.
Septic emboli: Infected thromboemboli.

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10
Q

onsequences of Pulmonary Embolism

A

onsequences of Pulmonary Embolism
Hypocapnia: Early bronchoconstriction.
Ischemia: Reduction in surfactant production causing dyspnea.
Pulmonary infarction: Leads to hemorrhage, hemoptysis, and chest pain.
Massive embolism: Causes acute pulmonary hypertension, RHF, and cardiac death.

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11
Q

SUMMARY

A

Pulmonary embolism is a potentially fatal condition.
Ventilation-perfusion scintigraphy is a sensitive, specific, and non-invasive method for diagnosing PE.
Radiolabeled gases, aerosols, or nanoparticles are used for ventilation imaging.
99mTc MAA is used for perfusion imaging.

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12
Q

Q: What is the most common type of pulmonary embolism?
A: Thromboembolism.

A

A: Thromboembolism.

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13
Q

Q: A sudden pulmonary embolism initially causes reduced ventilation in the affected area due to what?

A

A: Hypocapnia.

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14
Q

Q: Is pulmonary embolism seen as a ventilation-perfusion match or mismatch?

A

A: Ventilation-perfusion mismatch.

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