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Biology 20 > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

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1
Q

Breathing

A
  • 1 of 4 main respiration processes
  • Inhalation → taking in air (mixture of gases including O2)
  • Exhalation → expelling air (mixture of gases including waste gases)
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2
Q

External Respiration

A
  • 1 of 4 main respiration processes
  • Gas exchange between air in lungs and blood in capillaries
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3
Q

Internal Respiration

A
  • 1 of 4 main respiration processes
  • Gas exchange between blood and body cells
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4
Q

Cellular Respiration

A
  • 1 of 4 main respiration processes
  • Use of oxygen to metabolize glucose and produce ATP energy + waste gases (CO2 and water vapor)
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5
Q

How do single-celled organisms absorb O2 from the environment?

A
  • Through diffusion
  • No circulatory or pulmonary system needed, just a large + moist surface area
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6
Q

What is diffusion?

A
  • Process by which molecules/ions spread from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration
  • Movement doesn’t require energy input from organisms
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7
Q

Nose and Nasal Cavity

A
  • Nostrils form entrance to nasal passages (beginning of resp. tract)
    • Mucous + tiny hairs in nasal cavity filter air (trap foreign particles)
    • Air is warmed + moistened in nasal cavity
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8
Q

Turbinate (bone)

A
  • Found inside nasal cavity
  • Long, narrow, curled bone shelf
  • Warm + moisten air
  • Filter out foreign particles
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9
Q

Pharynx

A
  • Crossroad between -
  • Air moves from nasal cavity
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10
Q

Epiglottis

A
  • Flap of elastic cartilage at entrance of larynx
    • Allow for air to pass when breathing
    • Closed to allow food/drink into entrance of esophagus when swallowing
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11
Q

Larynx

A
  • Air from pharynx travels past epiglottis and enters larynx at top of trachea
    • Made of different types of cartilage and muscle
    • A.K.A voice box, has 2 vocal folds controlling pitch + volume of sound vibrations
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12
Q

Vocal Chords

A
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13
Q

Trachea

A
  • A.K.A windpipe, carries air from larynx to bronchi
  • Lined by tiny hairs (cilia) and mucous producing cells filter any foreign matter
  • Walls may contain rings of cartilage, muscle and connective tissue, keeping it open at all times
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14
Q

Bronchi

A
  • Trachea branch into two primary bronchi: left + right bronchus
  • Each bronchus leads to a lung
  • Walls have cartilage bands + smooth muscle for support
  • Lined with cilia and mucous-producing cells, moving mucus up to pharynx
    • Important to immune system to trap foreign invaders
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15
Q

Bronchioles

A
  • Air passes through left/right bronchus and branches into many bronchioles
    • Walls do not have cartilage rings but contain muscle
    • Diameter ≤ 1 mm
    • Both nervous and endocrine systems control diameter
  • Lined with cilia and mucous-producing cells, moving mucus up to pharynx
    • Important to immune system to trap foreign invaders
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16
Q

Alveoli (plural)/Alveolus (singular)

A
  • Bronchioles end in tiny sacs (alveoli)
  • Each alveolus is wrapped in a capillary network
  • Gas exchange between air + blood occurs across membranes, caused by concentration gradient
  • Collapse + inflate during breathing
17
Q

Specialization of Alveoli

A
  1. Large surface area for diffusion
  2. Thin walls for short diffusion distance
    - Easier to drop stuff off (closer distance)
    - 1μm of space between alveoli wall and capillary
  3. Surrounding net of pulmonary capillaries
    - Pulmonary capillaries are tiny blood vessels that exchange gases w/ blood
18
Q

Pleural Membranes

A
  • Thin membranes covering outside of lungs + inside of chest cavity
  • Adhesion of membranes to each other causes lung volume to change w/ chest cavity volume
  • Friction reduced by small amount of fluid between membranes
19
Q

Mechanisms of Breathing

A
  • Breathing depends on air pressure difference between atmosphere and lungs
    • Gases move from areas of high to low pressure
    • Pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to volume
  • As volume increases, pressure decreases
    • Manipulating volume of lungs can affect air movement (in and out)
20
Q

Diaphragm

A
  • A.K.A umbrella muscle
  • Dome-shaped layer of muscle that sits under lungs
    • Contracts to increase volume of lungs (+ thoracic cavity/chest)
    • Relaxes to decrease volume of lungs (+ thoracic cavity/chest)
21
Q

Intercoastal Muscles

A
  • Muscles between ribs, assist in breathing
    • Contracts to increase volume of lungs (+ thoracic cavity)
    • Relaxes to decrease volume of lungs (+ thoracic cavity)
22
Q

Inhalation

A
  • Occurs when air rushes from area of higher pressure (in atmosphere) to lower pressure (in thoracic cavity)
  • To decrease pressure in lungs:
    • Diaphragm contracts, pulls down, increases volume
    • Intercoastal muscles contract, pull ribs up and out, increase volume of rib cage
  • Active phase of ventilation (result of muscle contraction)
23
Q

Exhalation

A
  • Occurs when air rushes from area of higher pressure (in lungs) to area of lower pressure (in atmosphere)
  • Volume of thoracic cavity is reduced by:
    • Diaphragm relaxes, moves upwards
    • Intercoastal muscles relaxing, move rib cage down and inwards
  • Passive phase of ventilation (no muscle activity, result of natural elastic recoil of lung tissue)
24
Q

Gas Exchange

A
  • Cellular respiration requires oxygen (O2) and produces carbon dioxide (CO2) and water vapor
  • Driven by concentration gradients
  • Blood coming from body tissues in high in CO2, air carried into lungs is high in O2
25
Q

Diffusion of O2 and CO2

A
  • O2 diffuses from higher concentrations (inside alveoli) to lower concentrations (in blood capillaries)
  • CO2 diffuses from higher concentrations (in blood) to lower concentrations (inside alveoli)
26
Q

Hemoglobin

A
  • Protein that transports oxygen (and small amount of CO2 into bloodstream)
  • Hemoglobin + iron increase oxygen carrying capability of blood
  • Each heme group in iron binds with oxygen (makes oxyhemoglobin)
  • O2 is given up to cells of body, used to fuel cellular respiration + produce energy
27
Q

Tidal Volume

A
  • Type of respiratory volume
  • Amount of air exchanged w/ each normal breath
28
Q

Inspiratory Reserve

A
  • Type of respiratory volume
  • Additional air that can be inhaled over and above the tidal volume
29
Q

Expiratory Reserve

A
  • Type of respiratory volume
  • Extra air that can be forcibly exhaled in excess of the tidal volume
30
Q

Vital Capacity

A
  • Type of respiratory volume
  • Maximum amount of air that can be forcibly exchanged
31
Q

Residual Volume

A
  • Type of respiratory volume
  • Amount of air that remains in lungs after forceful expiration
32
Q

Regulation of Breathing Movements

A
  • Breathing movements controlled by nerves from medulla oblongata in brain
  • Info about CO2 + O2 levels detected by chemoreceptors (detect chemicals)
  • If there is an increase in CO2, the CO2 chemoreceptor inactivated in the medulla oblongata will increase breathing (expelling CO2)
  • O2 chemoreceptors detect low O2 levels, fond in carotid + aortic arteries
  • Increase in breathing = O2 levels rise, CO2 levels decrease
33
Q

Bronchitis

A
  • Disorder of the respiratory system
  • Narrowing of air passages
  • Inflammation of mucous lining in bronchial tubes
  • Decreased air movement in bronchi
34
Q

Asthma

A
  • Disorder of the respiratory system
  • Result of spasms in bronchi, leads to difficulty breathing
  • Usually caused by allergic reaction or other forms of hypersensitivity
  • Can be caused by environmental + genetic factors
  • Treated w/ steroid inhalers
35
Q

Emphysema

A
  • Disorder of the respiratory system
  • Walls of alveoli inflame, destroy air sacs which eventually stretch + rupture
  • Less SA for gas exchange = decreased O2 levels
  • Hard to exhale
  • Most common cause: smoking
36
Q

Smoking + Lung Cancer

A
  • Disorder of the respiratory system
  • Cigarette smoke irritates cells, increasing mucous production
  • Tar (in smoke) slows action of cilia, tar trapped in mucous
  • Chemicals (in smoke) cause cancerous cells
  • Symptoms: difficulty breathing, wheezing, coughing
    • Done in attempt to get dirt out
37
Q

Pneumonia

A
  • Disorder of the respiratory system
  • Lung infection, alveoli fill w/ pus/fluid
  • Makes gas exchange difficult, less space

Biology 20 (2 decks)

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