Respiratory system Flashcards
Oxygen in blood is carried primarily in the form of ________________; carbon dioxide is carried as _______________, ___________________, and _____________________
OXY: oxyhemoglobin CO2: hemoglobin, bicarbonate, plasma
Write the equation for the chemical reaction that occurs for the transport of carbon dioxide as bicarbonate ions in blood.
CO2+H2O<–>H2CO3<–>HCO3+H
Which of the following would cause oxygen to dissociate more readily from hemoglobin?
Low PO2,increase in H ions in blood, elevated CO2
What structural changes occur from primary bronchi to terminal bronchioles
The mucous membrane changes from pseudo stratified cilated columnar epithelium to nonciliated simple cuboidal epithelium, amount of smooth muscle increases, incomplete rings of cartilage disappear
Which structures are part of the conducting zone of the respiratory system?
Nose, Trachea, larynx, pharynx, bronchi, bronchioles
how does epiglottis prevent aspiration of food and liquids
The epiglottis closes over the glottic opening to prevent food & liquids from entering the lungs
how many lobes and lobular bronchi are in each lung
Left: two lobes & two secondary bronchi
Right: 3 lobes and 3 secondary bronchi
what type of cells make up the wall of an alveolus
type 1 and 2 alveolar cells & alveolar macrophages
If the volume of a container is 1 liter and has a pressure of 1 atm, what would
what happens if you decrease the volume of the container to 1⁄4 of a liter? (boyles law)
Pressure increase to 4 atm
(as volume increases pressure decreases)
what is the main muscle that powers your breathing
Diaphragm
If you breathe in as deep as possible and then exhale as much air as you can,
Which lung capacity have you demonstrated?
Vital capacity
what causes oxygen to enter pulmonary capillaries from alveoli and to enter tissue cells from systemic capillaries
Difference in PO2
what chemicals stimulates peripheral chemoreceptors
pH, H
Two functions of pleural fluid
Allows lungs to NOT collapse
reduce friction
Cigarette smoking paralyzes the cilia in the epithelial lining of the airways.
Why would paralysis of the cilia cause smokers to develop a cough?
cilia can’t move mucous up, mucous remains and builds up triggering cough reflex to clear it out
Explain the relationship between the lungs, the pleura, the pleural fluid, and
the thoracic cage.
Lungs are enclosed in pleural sac, one membrane attaches to the lung & the other membrane lines thoracic cage. Pleural fluids fill inside of pleural sac
how are lung volumes and capacity related
Lung capacity is the sum of two or more lung volumes
What happens to work required for breathing if surfactant is not present?
The work required for breathing increases
A cancerous lung tumor has grown into the walls of a group of bronchioles, narrowing the lumen. What has happened to the resistance to air flow in these bronchioles?
Resistance increases
Which lung volume cannot be measured directly?
Residual volume
Which set of muscles are used for quiet inspiration? Active expiration?
The diaphragm and external intercostals used for quiet inspiration
Internal intercostals and the abdominals are used for active expiration
Functions as a passageway for air and food, provides a resonating chamber for speech, sounds, and houses tonsils
Pharynx
Site of external respiration
Alveoli
c. connects the laryngopharynx
Larynx
Serous membrane that surrounds the lungs
Pleura
Functions in warming, moistening, and filtering air; receives olfactory stimuli; is a resonating chamber for sound.
Nose
Simple squamous epithelial cells that form a continuous lining of the alveolar wall; site of gas exchange.
Type 1 alveolar cells
Forms the anterior wall of the larynx
Thyroid cartilage
A tubular passageway for air connecting the larynx to the bronchi.
Trachea
secrete alveolar fluid and surfactant.
Type 2 alveolar cells
Forms inferior wall of larynx; landmark for tracheotomy.
Cricoid cartilage
prevents food or fluid from entering the airway.
Epiglottis
Air passages entering lungs
bronchi
Ridge covered by sensitive mucous membrane; irritation triggers cough reflex
Carina
Respiratory zone
Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli
atmospheric pressure
760 mmHg
pressure outside the body
intrapulmonary
pressure inside the lungs
0mmHg (760)
intrapleural
4 mmHg (756)
lung will collapse if its equal or more than intrapulmonary
Airway resistance
Flow = DELTA P/R
Surface tension
compliance
Lung Volumes
Inspiratory-breathe above tidal volume
Tidal-Normal breathing
Expiratory- breathe below tidal
Residual- can’t measure, air doesn’t participate in gas exchange
Lung Capacities
Inspiratory- inspiratory reserve volume to tidal volume
Functional residual- expiratory reserve to residual
Vital- inspiratory to expiratory
Total Lung- Inspiratory to residual
Alveolar ventilation =
tidal volume - deadspace volume x respiratory volume
what are the 4 hypoxia
Anemic- plenty of oxygen in blood & tissues accept it but doesn’t have enough hem molecules
Ischemic- blood isn’t pumping efficiently
Histotoxic- poisoning, doesn’t accept oxygen @ tissues
Hypoxemic- not enough oxygen in blood
Bohrs Law (in tissues)
LOADING of CO2 & H that facilitates the UNLOADING of oxygen
Bohrs law (In lungs)
Unloading oxygen causes it to facilitate the unloading of CO2 & H
Daltons Law
total pressure excerted by mixture of gases is the sum of the pressure excerted independantly by each gas mixture
Henrys Law
When gas is in contact w/ a liquid the gas will disolve in the liquid in porpotion to its partial pressure
what causes the decrease in affinity?
Increase in temp & CO2
