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Phase 1c > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are we looking for in general inspection?

A

Shortness of breath, cyanosis, pallor, oedema, pursed lip breathing, accessory muscles of respiration, cough, wheeze, stridor, cachexia

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2
Q

What are the accessory muscles of respiration?

A

Scalenes, trapezius, sternocleidomastoid, rectus abdominis muscle, diaphragm, internal intercostal muscle

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3
Q

Which lung conditions are often associated with wheezing?

A

Asthma, COPD, Bronchiectasis, Upper Respiratory Tract Infection

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4
Q

Shortness of breath in older patients most common causes

A
  1. COPD
  2. Fibrotic Lung Disease (non- black) / Asthma (black)
  3. Pulmonary Embolism
  4. Pulmonary Hypertension
  5. Pneumonia
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5
Q

Shortness of Breath in younger patients most common causes

A
  1. Asthma
  2. Covid- 19
  3. Lower Respiratory Tract Infection
  4. Upper Respiratory Tract Infection
  5. Pneumothorax
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6
Q

Use of accessory muslces in respiration common causes older patients

A
  1. Asthma
  2. COPD
  3. Bronchiectasis
  4. Fibrotic Lung Disease
  5. Pulmonary Hypertension
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7
Q

Use of accessory muscle causes in younger patients

A
  1. Asthma
  2. Lower Respiratory Tract Infection
  3. COVID- 19
  4. Pneumothorax
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8
Q

Most common causes of cyanosis in older patients

A
  1. Pulmonart Embolism
  2. Respiratory Failure
  3. Fibrotic Lung Disease
  4. Pulmonary Hypertension
  5. Pneumonia
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9
Q

Most common causes of cyanosis in children

A
  1. Pneumonia
  2. LRTI
  3. Asthma
  4. Pneumothorax
  5. COVID- 19
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10
Q

Most common causes of oedema in older patients - RESP

A
  1. Pulmonary Hypertension
  2. Respiratory Failure
  3. Asthma COPD overlap syyndrome
  4. Bronchiectasis
  5. Covid -19
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11
Q

Most common causes of oedema in younger patients RESP

A
  1. LRTI
  2. Asthma
  3. Covid- 19
  4. Pnuemonia
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12
Q

Most common causes of pallor in older patients RESP

A
  1. Pulmoary Embolism
  2. Respiratory Failure
  3. Fibrotic Lung Disease
  4. Pulmonary Hypertension
  5. Covid - 19
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13
Q

Most common causes of pallor in young adult patients

A
  1. Pulmonary embolism
  2. Respiratory Failure
  3. Pneumonia
  4. Covid - 19
  5. Pnuemothorax
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14
Q

Most comon causes of cough and character s in older patients

A
  1. Bronchiectasis - persistent, productive cough
  2. Lower respiratory tract infection - could be productive or non -productive
  3. Pneumonia - Productive cough
  4. Asthma - Dry, Non- Productive
  5. Fibrotic Lung Disease- Dry, non productive, persistent
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15
Q

Most common causes of coughs in young adult patient and its character

A
  1. Asthma - dry, non- productive
  2. Covid - 19 - dry or productive
  3. LRTI - may or may not be productive
  4. Pneumonia - Productive cough
  5. Bronchiectasis - Persistant , productive cough
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16
Q

Most common causes of wheeze in older patients?

A
  1. Asthma - high pitched during inspiration and experation
  2. COPD
  3. Bronchiectasis
  4. Covid - 19
17
Q

Most common causes of wheeze in young adults

A
  1. Asthma - musical sound primarily expiration
  2. LRTI
  3. Covid - 19
  4. Bronciectasis
18
Q

Most common causes of stridor in oldr patients

A
  1. URTI
  2. Covid - 19
  3. Obstructive sleep apnoea
  4. Bronciectasis
  5. Tuberculosis
19
Q

Most common causes of cachexia in older patients

A
  1. Fibrotic Lung Disease
  2. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
  3. Tuberculosis
  4. Bronchiectasis
  5. Covid -19
20
Q

Most common causes of cachexia in young adults

A
  1. Covid - 19
  2. Tuberculosis
  3. Fibrotic Lung Disease
  4. Bromchiectasis
  5. LRTI
21
Q

4 symptoms and 2 clinical signs of Asthma

A

Symptoms:
Wheezing
Shortness of breath
Coughing, especially at night or early in the morning
Chest tightness

Clinical Signs:
Wheezing on auscultation
Use of accessory muscles during breathing

22
Q

4 symptoms and 2 clinical signs COPD

A

Symptoms:
Chronic cough
Sputum production
Shortness of breath, especially with exertion
Wheezing

Risk Factors:
Smoking
Long-term exposure to environmental pollutants (e.g., occupational dust, fumes)
Genetic factors (e.g., alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency)

Clinical Signs:
Prolonged expiratory phase on auscultation
Increased anterior-posterior diameter of the chest (barrel chest)

23
Q

4 symptoms and 2 clinical signs Bronchiectasis

A

Symptoms:
Chronic productive cough
Recurrent respiratory infections
Sputum production, often copious and purulent
Hemoptysis (coughing up blood)

Risk Factors:
History of chronic respiratory infections
Cystic fibrosis
Immunodeficiency disorders

Clinical Signs:
Crackles and wheezing on auscultation
Clubbing of fingers (in chronic cases)

24
Q

4 symptoms and 2 clinical signs URTI

A

Symptoms:
Sore throat
Runny or stuffy nose
Cough
Mild fever

Risk Factors:
Exposure to viruses (e.g., rhinovirus)
Poor hygiene or close contact with infected individuals
Seasonal changes or cold weather

Clinical Signs:
Nasal congestion
Pharyngeal erythema (redness of the throat)

25
Q

4 symptoms and 2 clinical signs Respiratory Failure

A

Symptoms:
Shortness of breath
Confusion or altered mental status
Cyanosis (bluish color of lips or extremities)
Fatigue

Risk Factors:
Chronic respiratory diseases (e.g., COPD, asthma)
Acute lung infections
Neuromuscular disorders affecting respiratory muscles

Clinical Signs:
Use of accessory muscles during breathing
Hypoxemia (low blood oxygen levels) or hypercapnia (high blood carbon dioxide levels)

26
Q

4 symptoms and 2 clinical signs Fibrotic Lung Disease

A

Symptoms:
Progressive shortness of breath
Chronic dry cough
Fatigue
Unexplained weight loss

Risk Factors:
History of exposure to environmental toxins (e.g., asbestos, silica)
Smoking
Family history of interstitial lung disease

Clinical Signs:
Velcro-like crackles on auscultation
Digital clubbing (enlarged fingertips)

27
Q

4 symptoms and 2 clinical signs Pulmonary Embolism

A

Sudden shortness of breath
Chest pain, often sharp or pleuritic
Cough, sometimes with blood-streaked sputum
Lightheadedness or syncope (fainting)

Risk Factors:
Recent surgery or immobilization
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
Prolonged periods of sitting or bed rest

Clinical Signs:
Tachycardia (rapid heart rate)
Hypoxemia (low blood oxygen levels)

28
Q

4 symptoms and 2 clinical signs Pulmonary Hypertension

A

Symptoms:
Shortness of breath on exertion
Fatigue
Chest pain
Swelling in the ankles or legs

Risk Factors:
Chronic lung diseases (e.g., COPD, interstitial lung disease)
Left-sided heart disease
Connective tissue disorders (e.g., scleroderma)

Clinical Signs:
Elevated jugular venous pressure
Right-sided heart failure signs (e.g., edema, ascites)

29
Q

4 symptoms and 2 clinical signs Pneumonia

A

Symptoms:
Cough, often productive
Fever
Shortness of breath
Chest pain, often sharp or pleuritic

Risk Factors:
Age (very young or elderly)
Chronic medical conditions (e.g., diabetes, heart disease)
Smoking or exposure to pollutants

Clinical Signs:
Dullness to percussion over affected areas
Crackles (rales) on auscultation

30
Q

4 symptoms and 2 clinical signs LRTI

A

Symptoms:
Cough, potentially productive
Fever
Shortness of breath
Chest discomfort

Risk Factors:
Viral or bacterial exposure
Poor immunity or chronic illness
Smoking

Clinical Signs:
Wheezing or crackles on auscultation
Tachypnea (rapid breathing)

31
Q

4 symptoms and 2 clinical signs Pnuemothorax

A

Symptoms:
Sudden sharp chest pain
Shortness of breath
Cyanosis (in severe cases)
Decreased breath sounds on one side

Risk Factors:
History of lung disease (e.g., COPD, asthma)
Trauma or injury to the chest
Smoking

Clinical Signs:
Hyperresonance on percussion over the affected area
Decreased breath sounds on auscultation

32
Q

4 symptoms and 2 clinical signs Covid - 19

A

Symptoms:
Fever
Cough
Shortness of breath
Fatigue

Risk Factors:
Recent exposure to infected individuals
Chronic health conditions (e.g., cardiovascular disease, diabetes)
Immunocompromised status

Clinical Signs:
Decreased oxygen saturation (hypoxemia)
Bilateral crackles or diminished breath sounds on auscultation

33
Q

4 symptoms and 2 clinical signs Obstructivr Sleep Apnoea

A

Symptoms:
Loud snoring
Excessive daytime sleepiness
Choking or gasping during sleep
Difficulty concentrating

Risk Factors:
Obesity
Smoking
Family history of sleep apnea

Clinical Signs:
Obesity (often associated)
Elevated blood pressure (hypertension)

34
Q

Oxygen therapy: What kind of delivery systems are commonly used. Rank in order of percentage oxygen highest to lowest.
List their flow rates

A
  1. Nasal Cannulae ( 1- 6 L/min) , Simple Face mask (6 - 10 L/min) , Partial Rebreather ( 6 -15 L/min) , Non - rebreather (15 L/min)
  2. Non - rebreather (90%) , rebreather (50 + %), simple face mask (30 + % ), nasal cannulae (24 + %)
35
Q

Controlled oxygen therapy see picture

A
36
Q

Phelgm colour guide

A

Yellow / Green - Infection
Pink/ Red/ Bloody - Infection or cancer
White - Allergy, Asthma or Viral
Charcoal/ Grey - Environmental
Brown - Chronic Lung Disease, Cystic Fibrosis , Bronchiectasis

Phase 1c (1 decks)

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