Respiratory System

Question 1

What are the functions of the respiratory system?

Answer 1

1. Exchange gases: Inhilation and exhalation
2. Defense: Filters air
3. Gas conditioning: Warms and moistens incoming air
4. Sound production: Can you hear me now?
5. Olfaction (smell): Can you smell me now?
6. Acid bas balance/regulation

Question 2

What are the two classifications of the respiratory system?

Answer 2

1. Structural Divisions: Upper vs. Lower
2. Functional Divisions

Question 3

What does the upper respiratory tract consist of?

Answer 3

Nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and pharynx

Question 4

What does the lower respiratory tract consist of?

Answer 4

Glottis, trachea, bronchial tree, and alveoli

Question 5

What is the “conducting” functional division consist of?

Answer 5

Nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, glottis, trachea, and 1’,2’,3’ bronchi

Question 6

What is the “respiratory” functional division consist of?

Answer 6

Bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli

Question 7

What do nasal bones support?

Answer 7

Support superior cartilaginous dorsum nasi supported anteroinferiorly

Question 8

Nostrils

Answer 8

External nares

Question 9

Nasal conchae

Answer 9

Superior, middle, and inferior conchae

Question 10

Paranasal Sinuses

Answer 10

Drained into the nasal cavity

Question 11

Goblet cells

Answer 11

Produce mucus

Question 12

Pharynx

Answer 12

Passageway for air and food
1. Nasopharynx = behind internal nares
2. Oropharynx = behind oral cavity
3. Laryngopharynx = in front of glottis

Question 13

Larynx

Answer 13

Connects laryngopharynx to the trachea

Question 14

The 3 major cartilages of the larynx are

Answer 14

1. Thyroid cartilage
2. Cricoid cartilage
3. Epiglottis

Question 15

Thyroid cartilage

Answer 15

Has an anterior and lateral walls but no posterior wall

Question 16

Cricoid cartilage

Answer 16

Inferior to thyroid cartilage and only cartilage with a posterior surface

Question 17

Epiglottis

Answer 17

Elastic cartilage superior to glottis

Question 18

Sound Production

Answer 18

Vocal cords extend from thyroid cartilage to one of the lesser cartilages

Question 19

Adducts

Answer 19

Tightens; high pitch sound

Question 20

Abducts

Answer 20

Loosens; low pitch sound

Question 21

Trachea

Answer 21

Inferior to the larynx, superior to the primary bronchi and anterior to the esophagus
Connected to each other by annular ligaments

Question 22

Trachea histology

Answer 22

Mucosa lined with ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells

Question 23

The right primary bronchus

Answer 23

Divides into 3 secondary bronchi

Question 24

The left primary bronchus

Answer 24

Divides into 2 secondary bronchi

Question 25

Bronchial tree histology

Answer 25

Mucosal layer is made up of ciliated pseudostratified columnar spithelium

Question 26

Bronchioles

Answer 26

Walls lack cartilage Walls have a thick layer of smooth muscle Get smaller until alveolar ducts

Question 27

Bronchioles histology

Answer 27

Lined with simple columnar or simple squamous epithelium

Question 28

Terminal bronchioles branch into

Answer 28

Respiratory bronchioles

Question 29

Respiratory bronchioles branch into

Answer 29

Alveolar ducts

Question 30

Alveolar ducts end with small sacks called

Answer 30

Alveoli = site of gas exchange

Question 31

Cells of the alveolus

Answer 31

Most cells = Simple squamous type 1 cells Some cells = cuboidal type 2 cells (make pulmonary surfactant)

Question 32

Alveolar macrophages (dust cell)

Answer 32

Engulfs any microorganism or debris

Question 33

Each lung is located in a

Answer 33

Pleural cavity

Question 34

Visceral pleura tightly adheres to the

Answer 34

Outside of the lung

Question 35

Parietal pleura lines

Answer 35

The pleural cavity = filled with fluid

Question 36

The mediastinal surface houses the

Answer 36

Hilum

Question 37

Cardiac impression

Answer 37

Medial surface indentation caused by heart Has an anterior indented region (cardiac notch)

Question 38

Pulmonary circulation

Answer 38

Conducts blood to and from the gas exchange surfaces of the lungs

Question 39

Bronchial circulation

Answer 39

Component of the systemic sirculation that delivers blood directly to and from the bronchi and bronchioles

Question 40

2 phases of pulmonary ventilation

Answer 40

1. Inspiration = V increase, pressure decrease 2. Exhilation

Question 41

Muscles that lift chest upwards for air

Answer 41

Sternocleidomastoid and pectoralis minor

Question 42

Muscle that elevated hte ribs increasing thoracic cavity

Answer 42

Serratus posterior superior muscle