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BIOLOGY > RESPIRATORY SYSTEM > Flashcards

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

respiratory system is also known as

A

breathing system/external system/respiration/ventilation

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2
Q

lungs extract _______ from air and remove ______ from the blood

A

O2
CO2

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3
Q

what is the respiratory surface in human lungs?

A

alveoli

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4
Q

what are the four characteristics of alveoli which make it a good respiratory surface?

A

thin, moist, large surface area, highly vascularized

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5
Q

what is a respiratory surface?

A

through which gases exchange with blood

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6
Q

respiratory system is divided into 2, which are

A

upper respiratory tract and lower respiratory tract

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7
Q

the upper respiratory surface consist of

A

nose and pharynx

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8
Q

lower respiratory tract consists of

A

larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, lungs

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9
Q

which is the only visible part of respiratory system

A

nose

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10
Q

nose is made up of

A

fatty tissues, cartilage and bone

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11
Q

what are the four components of nose?

A

hair, cilia, mucus, blood vessels

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12
Q

the function of hair and cilia is

A

filtration

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13
Q

what is the function of blood vessels in nose

A

maintain temperature at 30°C

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14
Q

function of mucus in nose is

A

moisturize and it is a physical barrier

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15
Q

nasal cavity is divided into two cavities by the

A

nasal septum

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16
Q

what are the openings of nose

A

external and internal nostrils

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16
Q

how many turbinates are present in nose

A

6

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17
Q

each nasal cavity is divided into how many passage ways

A

3

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18
Q

the passage ways of nose are called

A

turbinate

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19
Q

pharynx is exceptionally made up of

A

skeletal muscles

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20
Q

pharynx is a ________ path

A

muscular

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21
Q

pharynx is a common pathway for

A

food and air

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22
Q

how many parts of pharynx are there?

A

3

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23
Q

name the parts of pharynx

A

oropharynx
nasopharynx
hypopharynx/lyrengopharyx

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24
Q

the larynx is also called

A

voice box

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25
Q

how many vocal chords are present in the larynx

A

two pairs of vocal chords

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26
Q

what are vocal chords?

A

fibrous bands which stretch to vibrate when air passes through and make sounds

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27
Q

how many vocal chords are functional

A

only one is functional

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27
Q

words are formed by

A

movement of lips and teeth

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28
Q

sound is made by

A

vocal chords of larynx

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29
Q

the outer side of the larynx is made up of

A

cartilage plates
it is an exoskeleton of cartilage plates

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30
Q

how many cartilage plates are present in exoskeleton of larynx

A

9

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31
Q

the front set of cartilage plates is known as

A

thyroid cartilage

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32
Q

the Adam’s apple is made by

A

the thyroid cartilage of larynx

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33
Q

the cartilage plants start transforming into bones after how many number of plates

A

12

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34
Q

the location of trachea

A

ventral to esophagus

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35
Q

the trachea starts from the ______ and ends in the

A

pharynx
5th intervertebral space

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36
Q

the trachea is _______ long

A

12 cm

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37
Q

the diameter of trachea is

A

10-12 nm

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38
Q

the trachea is made up of how many cartilage rings?

A

10-12

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39
Q

from trachea, the pathway continues to

A

primary bronchioles

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39
Q

how many lobes are present in the left lung

A

2

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40
Q

how many lobes are present in right lung

A

3 lobes

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41
Q

the cartilage plates and rings are there to prevent

A

collapse

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41
Q

what are the 3 lobes of right lung

A

anterior, medial, posterior

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42
Q

which of the two is flexible?
cartilage rings or cartilage plates

A

cartilage rings

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43
Q

which is the following is non flexible
cartilage rings / cartilage plates

A

cartilage plates

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44
Q

how many secondary bronchioles are present in the lungs?

A

5, 3 in right lung and 2 in left lung

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45
Q

how many primary bronchi are there in lungs?

A

2, for each lung

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46
Q

from lungs, the passage way continues to

A

secondary bronchioles

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47
Q

from secondary bronchiole, passageway continues to

A

tertiary bronchi

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48
Q

from tertiary bronchi, passageway continues to

A

terminal bronchioles

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48
Q

from terminal bronchioles, passageway continues to

A

respiratory bronchioles

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49
Q

from alveolar duct, passageway continues to

A

alveoli and ends here

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50
Q

from respiratory bronchioles, passageway continues to

A

alveolar duct

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51
Q

what is the functional unit of lungs?

A

air sac

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52
Q

the structural unit of lung is

A

alveoli

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53
Q

the air sac consists of

A

alveoli and alveolar duct

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54
Q

chemically, mucin is a

A

glycoprotein

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55
Q

mucus contains a protein knowns as

A

mucin

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56
Q

mucus is released by

A

mucus cells knows as goblet cells

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57
Q

which components of the lower respiratory tract contain both mucus and cilia ?

A

trachea
primary bronchioles
secondary bronchi
tertiary bronchi
terminal bronchi

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58
Q

which component(s) of the lower respiratory tract contains mucus only

A

respiratory bronchioles

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59
Q

the alveolar wall is made up of

A

elastin and collagen protein

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60
Q

the protein components of the alveolar wall prevent

A

the walls from collapsing

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61
Q

the amount of alveoli in one lung only is

A

350 million

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62
Q

both lungs contain over _______ alveoli

A

700 million

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63
Q

the intercostal muscles are

A

paired muscles

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64
Q

the outer intercostal muscles (ICM) and inner intercostal muscles(ICM) work

A

antagonistically

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64
Q

in normal breathing, which intercostal muscles are involved ?

A

only outer

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65
Q

when diaphragm contracts, it becomes

A

Less dome shaped

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66
Q

when diaphragm is relaxed, it is

A

More dome shaped

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67
Q

during contracted state of intercostal muscles, the chest is ______ and the volume of chest cavity ___________

A

uplifted
increases

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68
Q

in the relaxed state of intercostal muscles, the chest is ________ and the volume of chest cavity ___________

A

down
decreases

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69
Q

inhalation is also known as

A

inspiration

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70
Q

exhalation is also knows as

A

expiration

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71
Q

during inhalation, the diaphragm is

A

contracted

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72
Q

during inhalation, intercostal muscles is

A

contracted

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73
Q

when the diaphragm contracts, the volume of chest cavity

A

increases

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74
Q

when the volume of chest cavity increases, the pressure on lungs

A

decreases

75
Q

inhalation is an _______ process

A

active

76
Q

exhalation is a _________ process

A

passive

77
Q

during exhalation, the diaphragm

A

relaxes

78
Q

during exhalation, the intercostal muscles

A

relax

79
Q

when diaphragm contracts, the volume of chest cavity

A

decreases

79
Q

when the volume of chest cavity decreases, the pressure on lungs

A

increases

80
Q

when the pressure on lungs increases, the air moves

A

outside

81
Q

when the pressure on lungs decreases, the air moves

A

inside

82
Q

which part of brain controls unconscious breathing ?

A

medulla

82
Q

which part of brain controls conscious breathing ?

A

cerebral cortex

83
Q

the breathing center of the body is

A

medulla

84
Q

which part of medulla is inspiratory centre?

A

ventral

85
Q

which part of medulla inhibits inspiration?

A

dorsal and lateral

86
Q

which part of medulla is the expiratory center?

A

dorsal and lateral

87
Q

what is the stimulus for controlling breathing rate?

A

CO2

88
Q

during emotional breathing, which part of limbic system controls breathing?

A

amygdala

89
Q

97% of oxygen transport is performed by

A

oxyhemoglobin

90
Q

3% of oxygen transport is performed by

A

plasma

91
Q

oxygen binds with ______ in the hem group of hemoglobin

A

iron

92
Q

maximum oxygen carrying capacity of hemoglobin is

A

20 ml O2 per 100 ml of blood

93
Q

at which partial pressure, oxygen saturation is 100%

A

100mmHg

94
Q

at which partial pressure is the oxygen saturation 97%

A

95mmHg

95
Q

normal oxygen carrying capacity of hemoglobin is

A

19.6 ml of O2 per 100ml of blood

96
Q

partial pressure of 100mmHg is present in

A

lungs

97
Q

95mmHg partial pressure is present in

A

arteries of lungs

98
Q

the partial pressure of 60mmHg is present in

A

veins

99
Q

the lowest level of oxygen saturation is

A

75%

100
Q

the oxygen carrying capacity of hemoglobin of veins is

A

14.6 ml

101
Q

how many grams of hemoglobin are present in 100 ml of blood

A

15

101
Q

at which partial pressure, oxygen saturation is 70%

A

60mmHg

101
Q

for the purpose of oxygenation of tissues, how much oxygen is carried by hemoglobin

A

5ml of O2 per 100 ml of blood

102
Q

the oxygen carrying capacity of hemoglobin is __________ proportional to temperature

A

inversely

102
Q

the oxygen carrying capacity of hemoglobin is ________ proportional to conc. of O2

A

directly

103
Q

the oxygen carrying capacity of hemoglobin is ________ proportional to conc. of CO2

A

inversely

104
Q

the oxygen carrying capacity of hemoglobin is ____________ proportional to pH

A

directly

105
Q

70% transport of CO2 is performed by

A

bicarbonates

106
Q

23% of transport of CO2 is performed by

A

carboxyhemoglobin

107
Q

7% of transport of CO2 is performed by

A

blood plasma

108
Q

to which part of hemoglobin does O2 & CO bind with

A

hem group of hemoglobin

109
Q

CO2 binds with ______ part of hemoglobin

A

globin

110
Q

what is the order of affinity with hemoglobin for oxygen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide

A

CO > O2 > CO2

111
Q

hemoglobin binds with CO2 to form

A

carbaminohemoglobin

112
Q

hemoglobin binds with CO to form

A

carboxyhemoglobin

113
Q

hemoglobin and myoglobin are _________ proteins.
A. glycoprotein
B. fibrous
C. globular
D. none of the above

A

globular

114
Q

hemoglobin releases oxygen in blood at _____ mmHg

A

60mmHg

115
Q

myoglobin releases oxygen in muscles at _____ mmHg

A

20 mmHg

115
Q

how many polypeptide chains does hemoglobin contain?

A

4

116
Q

how many polypeptide chains does myoglobin contain

A

1

117
Q

how many hem group(s) does hemoglobin contain?

A

4

118
Q

how many hem group(s) does myoglobin contain?

A

1

119
Q

hemoglobin ______ oxygen
A. stores
B. transports
C. synthesis

A

transports

120
Q

myoglobin ______ oxygen
A. stores
B. transports
C. synthesis

A

stores

121
Q

how many iron molecules does hemoglobin contain?

A

4

122
Q

how many iron molecules does myoglobin contain?

A

1

123
Q

hemoglobin has a _______ structure
A. primary
B. secondary
C. tertiary
D. quaternary

A

quaternary

124
Q

myoglobin has a ______ structure
A. primary
B. secondary
C. tertiary
D. quaternary

A

tertiary

125
Q

which of the two has more affinity with oxygen?
hemoglobin or myoglobin

A

hemoglobin

126
Q

how many oxygen molecules can hemoglobin carry

A

4

127
Q

how many oxygen molecules can myoglobin carry

A

1

128
Q

how many atoms of oxygen can hemoglobin carry

A

8

129
Q

how many atoms of oxygen can myoglobin carry

A

2

130
Q

how many amino acids are present in hemoglobin

A

574

131
Q

how many amino acids are present in myoglobin

A

153

132
Q

total respiratory volume is

A

5800 ml

133
Q

what is the inspiratory lung capacity?

A

3500ml

134
Q

define inspiratory reserve volume.

A

the amount of air a person can inhale forcefully after normal tidal volume inspiration

135
Q

what is the amount of inspiratory reserve volume?

A

3000ml

136
Q

define tidal volume.

A

the amount of air that moves in or out of the lungs with each respiratory cycle

137
Q

what is the amount of tidal volume?

A

500 ml

138
Q

what is expiratory reserve volume?

A

the maximum amount of air we can forcefully exhale after normal expiration

139
Q

what is the amount of expiratory reserve volume?

A

1100 ml

140
Q

what is the amount of residual volume?

A

1200ml

140
Q

what is vital lung capacity ?

A

4600 ml

140
Q

what is the total lung capacity?

A

5800 ml

141
Q

how many membranes does O2 have to pass through before reaching hemoglobin?

A

5

142
Q

What is alveolar surfactant?

A

It is a mixture of lipoprotein produced by alveolar epithelium

143
Q

What are the functions of alveolar surfactant?

A

Lubricates to decrease surface tension to prevent collapse and sticking of alveolar surface
Improves gas exchange
Acts as an antiseptic

144
Q

What is the disorder related to absence of enough alveolar surfactant?

A

Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in premature babies. The baby is unable to breath normally and needs extra oxygen and help breathing

145
Q

Chest cavity is bounded from the sides by

A

Ribs and muscles

146
Q

In humans the nasal cavities are lined with

A

Ciliated epithelium

147
Q

What is the opening of larynx called?

A

Glottis

148
Q

When the smaller bronchi attain a diameter of one mm or less, they are called

A

Bronchioles

149
Q

What events happen in muscular activity?

A

More CO2 is liberated
More oxygen delivery to muscles
Temperature increases
HbO2 is disassociated

150
Q

The types of muscles present in bronchioles are

A

Circular smooth muscles

151
Q

Which enzyme is essential for the transport of CO2 as bicarbonate in blood plasma

A

Carbonic anhydrase

152
Q

The amount of CO2 present in oxygenated blood is

A

50 ml per 100 ml blood

153
Q

The amount of CO2 present in deoxygenated blood is

A

54 ml per 100 ml blood

154
Q

The number of ferrous ions present in one molecule of hemoglobin:

A

4

155
Q

Human lungs are ______ in nature

A

Spongy

156
Q

Human lungs are present in

A

Thoracic cavity

157
Q

Human lungs are covered with

A

Double layered pleura

158
Q

Exchange of gases during organismic respiration is always through

A

Diffusion

159
Q

Decreases partial pressure in arterial blood plays an important stimulatory role in increasing breathing rate during

A

Shock

160
Q

Stimulus for increasing breathing rate during exercise is

A

CO2

161
Q

partial pressure of O2 in alveolar air

A

104mmHg

162
Q

partial pressure of O2 in deoxygenated blood

A

40mmHg

163
Q

partial pressure of O2 in blood

A

95mmHg

164
Q

Lungs do not collapse between breaths and some air always remains in the lungs which can never be expelled because

A

there is a negative intrapleural pressure pulling at the lung walls

165
Q

what is intrapleural pressure

A

intrapleural pressure is the pressure of air within the pleural cavity which is always negative

166
Q

negative intrapleural pressure is due to

A

three factors; surface tension of alveolar fluid, elasticity of lungs, elasticity of thoracic wall

166
Q

asthma may be attributed to

A

allergy of the mast cells

167
Q

Name the chronic respiratory disorder caused mainly by cigarette smoking.

A

emphysema

168
Q

People who have migrated from the planes to a higher altitude area about six months back:

A

Have more RBCs and their hemoglobin has a lower binding affinity to O2

168
Q

what is asthma

A

Asthma is an allergic condition in which the tissue surrounding the bronchioles of the lungs swell up and compress the bronchioles thus causing difficulty in breathing. This allergy mainly involves IgE antibodies and chemicals like histamine and serotonin from the mast cells.

169
Q

A large proportion of oxygen remains unused in the human blood even after its uptake by the body tissues. This O2 _____.

A

Acts as a reserve during muscular exercise

170
Q

what is diaphragmatic breathing

A

conscious breathing in which one breathes only with diaphragm without moving the ribs at all

171
Q

The haemoglobin of a human foetus

A

has a higher affinity for oxygen that that of an adult

171
Q
A
172
Q
A
173
Q
A
174
Q
A
175
Q
A
176
Q
A
177
Q
A
178
Q
A
178
Q
A
179
Q
A
180
Q
A
181
Q
A

BIOLOGY (5 decks)

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