Respiratory System

Question 1

what happens if CO2 accumulates in the body?

Answer 1

pH falls, animal dies

Question 2

process wherein O2 and CO2 are transferred passively from the environment across the body surface

Answer 2

diffusion

Question 3

t or f: O2 reqs and CO2 production increase as a function of mass

Answer 3

T

Question 4

gas exchange in rotifers

Answer 4

thru cilia

Question 5

gas exchange in Paramecium

Answer 5

by diffusion

Question 6

gas exchange in flatworm

Answer 6

by diffusion thru the skin

Question 7

gas exchange in vertebrates

Answer 7

nostrils, lungs

Question 8

components of gas-transfer system in many animals (4 steps)

Answer 8

• breathing movements; continual supply of air and water
• diffusion of O2 and CO2 across the respiratory epithelium
• bulk transport of gases by blood
• diffusion of O2 and CO2 across capillary walls bw blood and mitochondria in tissue cells

Question 9

gives the characteristic color to blood

Answer 9

respiratory pigment

Question 10

best known respiratory pigment

Answer 10

hemoglobin

Question 11

color of hemoglobin

Answer 11

bright red when oxygenated, dark-maroon red when deoxygenated

Question 12

components of hemoglobin

Answer 12

heme and globin; 4 subunits

Question 13

respiratory pigment that stores O2 in vertebrate muscles

Answer 13

myoglobin

Question 14

hemoglobin saturated w carbon monoxide

Answer 14

carboxyhemoglobin

Question 15

t or f: CO has a lower affinity for hemoglobin than O2

Answer 15

f

Question 16

respiratory pigments other than hemoglobin

Answer 16

• hemerythrin
• chlorocruorin
• hemocyanin

Question 17

all of the processes of gas movement and metabolism

Answer 17

respiration

Question 18

two distinct components of respiration

Answer 18

cellular and external

Question 19

where is cellular respiration carried out?

Answer 19

within the mitochondria

Question 20

explain cellular respiration

Answer 20

intercellular metabolic processes carried within the mitochondria; O2 is used and CO2 is produced

Question 21

explain external respiration

Answer 21

exchange of O2 and CO2 bw the environment and the cellular mitochondria

Question 22

four major steps in external respiration

Answer 22

• ventilation
• respiratory exchange
• circulation
• cellular exchange

Question 23

two methods for movement of gases in external respiration

Answer 23

• bulk transport
• exchange

Question 24

what is the process of exchange in external respiration gas movement

Answer 24

movement of gases via diffusion

Question 25

what is bulk transport in external respiration

Answer 25

uses a medium which contains the gases for gas movement

Question 26

bulk transport of external media across a gas exchange which arises from environmental movements, an animal's locomotion, and/or breathing

Answer 26

ventilation

Question 27

it is the gas diffusion bw the environmental medium and internal body fluilds

Answer 27

respiratory exchange

Question 28

t or f: in respiratory exchange, the gases need protein carriers to be moved thru membranes

Answer 28

f; does not need protein carriers

Question 29

it is the bulk transport of the ECF

Answer 29

circulation

Question 30

it is the ultimate goal of respiration wherein gas diffusion is bw the outside (ECF) and the ICF

Answer 30

cellular exchange

Question 31

what is the ultimate goal of respiration?

Answer 31

gas exchange bw the cell's immediate surroundings and its mitochondria aka cellular exchange

Question 32

tubes in vertebrates that carry air bw the atmosphere and the lung surfaces

Answer 32

respiratory airways

Question 33

the major inspiratory muscles

Answer 33

diaphragm and external intercostals

Question 34

what stimulates the diaphragm in breathing

Answer 34

phrenic nerve

Question 35

what happens to the muscles in expiration?

Answer 35

they relax

Question 36

t or f: normal expiration needs energy

Answer 36

f; it recoils only

Question 37

muscles involved in active expiration

Answer 37

abdominal muscles and internal intercostals

Question 38

explain the inspiration and expiration process

Answer 38

- relaxed diaphragm before inspiration - diaphragm and external intercostals contract during inspiration thus rib cage expand - in expiration, muscles return to its relaxed state

Question 39

the extent to which O2 is bound to hemoglobin varies w what?

Answer 39

partial pressure of O2

Question 40

when is the tetrameric hemoglobin considered fully saturated?

Answer 40

when all Hb present is carrying its maximum O2 load of 4 O2s each

Question 41

it states that if the concentration of one of the substances involved in a reversible reaction is increased

Answer 41

law of mass action