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Anatomy Exam 3 > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four parts of the upper respiratory tract?

A

The external nose
nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx

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2
Q

What are the 3 parts of the lower respiratory tract?

A

Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs

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3
Q

What is the conducting zone?

A

The nose -> small air tubes in the lungs strictly for pulmonary ventilation

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4
Q

What is the respiratory zone?

A

Specialized small tubes and alveoli where gas exchange occurs

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5
Q

What is pulmonary ventilation?

A

Breathing

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6
Q

What are the main functions of the respiratory system

A

Pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange

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7
Q

What are the two forms of gas exchange?

A

Pulmonary gas exchange lungs -> blood
Tissue gas exchange blood->tissues

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8
Q

What functions are “secondary functions” of the respiratory system?

A

Regulation of blood pH
Production of chemical mediators
Voice production
Olfaction
Protection against microorganisms (prevents entry)

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9
Q

What are the three parts of the pharynx?

A

The nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx in that order

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10
Q

What is the larynx?

A

The voice box

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11
Q

What are the unpaired cartilages in the larynx?

A

Thyroid
Cricoid
Epiglottis

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12
Q

What are the paired cartilages in the larynx?

A

Arytenoid
Corniculate
Cuneiform

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13
Q

What 5 special structures does the larynx contain?

A

Ligaments for speech
Unpaired cartilage
Paired cartilage
Vestibular folds
Vocal folds

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14
Q

What are the main functions of the larynx?

A

Maintain an open passageway
Prevent swallowed material from moving into the lower tract
Sound Protection
Traps debris and prevents entry into the lower tract

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15
Q

What kind of cartilage is in the Trachea? What is it’s shape?

A

Hyaline cartilage
a “C”

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16
Q

What muscle is in the trachea?

A

The trachealis

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17
Q

What is the cartilage at bifurcation in the lungs?

A

Carina
It is very sensitive to irritation and inhaled objects
It is the structure that initiates the cough reflex

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18
Q

What is the tracheobronchial tree?

A

The space from the trachea to the terminal bronchioles

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19
Q

What happens to smooth muscle as tube diameter increases? Cartilage?

A

The amount of smooth muscle increases. The amount of cartilage decreases.

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20
Q

What are the 4 types of passages in the tracheobronchial tree?

A

Secondary (lobar)
Tertiary (segmental)
Bronchioles
Terminal Bronchioles

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21
Q

How large are bronchioles? What are they made of?

A

Less than 1 mm in diameter
Made of simple columnar epithelium

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22
Q

What are terminal bronchioles like?

A

The have no cartilage and lots of smooth muscle. They are made of ciliated simple cuboidal epithelial tissue

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23
Q

What are the tertiary (segmental) branches of the tracheobronchial tree?

A

They supply the bronchopulmonary segments

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24
Q

What is a secondary (lobar) branch in the tracheobronchial tree?

A

They each serve a lobe of the lung and contain cartilage plates lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium
There are three on the right and two on the left

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25
Q

What are the three types of bronchioles?

A

Bronchioles
Terminal Bronchioles
Respiratory Bronchioles

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26
Q

What are the alveoli?

A

They are the site of gas exchange in bronchioles

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27
Q

What is unique about alveoli in respiratory bronchioles?

A

Respiratory bronchioles have very few alveoli

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28
Q

What is inside alveoli?

A

They have no cilia but a lot of macrophages that remove debris

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29
Q

What are the alveolar sacs?

A

Chambers connected to two or more alveoli at the end of an alveolar duct

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30
Q

What is an alveolar duct?

A

They arise from the respiratory bronchioles and alveoli open up from them

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31
Q

What types of cells are in alveoli cell walls?

A

Type I pneumocytes
Type 2 pneumocytes

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32
Q

What is the function of type I pneumocytes?

A

They make up 90% of the alveolar surface and are the site of gas exchange

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33
Q

What is function of type II pneumocytes?

A

They produce surfactant which cuts surface tension making inspiration easier.

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34
Q

What is the respiratory membrane?

A

The location of gas exchange inside alveoli
It has very thin walls so that exchange can occur easily

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35
Q

What does the diaphragm do for ventilation?

A

Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the chest cavity drawing air into your lungs.

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36
Q

What are bronchopulmonary segments?

A

They contain tertiary bronchi and are the area where veins and lymphatics drain along the edges

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37
Q

What muscles are used for forced inspiration? Quiet inspiration?

A

Pectoralis Minor and Scalenes
Diaphragm and External Intercostals

38
Q

What muscles are used for forced expiration? Quiet expiration?

A

Abdominal Muscles and Internal Intercostals
Diaphragm and External Intercostals relaxation

39
Q

What is the Tidal Volume (TV)?

A

The Normal amount of air inspired or expired with each breath at rest ~500 mL

40
Q

What is the Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)?

A

The amount that can be inspired forcefully after inspiration of the tidal volume ~3000 mL at rest

41
Q

What is the Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)?

A

The amount that can be forcefully expired after expiration of the tidal volume ~1100mL at rest

42
Q

What is the Residual Volume (RV)?

A

The volume that remains in respiratory passages and lungs after most forceful expiration ~1200 mL

43
Q

What is the Inspiratory Capacity (IC)?

A

The Tidal Volume plus the Inspiratory Reserve Volume.

44
Q

What is the Functional Residual Capacity?

A

The FRC is the Expiratory Reserve Volume plus the Residual Volume

45
Q

What is the vital capacity (VC)?

A

The sum of IRV, TV, and ERV

46
Q

What is the Total Lung Capacity (TLV)?

A

The sum of the IRV, TV, ERV, and RV

47
Q

What is alveolar ventilation?

A

The measure of the volume of air available for gas exchange per minute

48
Q

What are some additional measurements of ventilation?

A

Forced Vital Capacity
Forced Expiratory Volume (1,2,3)
Respiratory Rate
Minute volume
Alveolar Ventilation

49
Q

What factors affect ventilation?

A

Gender (male), height, activity level, being thin, and being healthy

Also, surface area is changed by some diseases and a decrease in surface area would negatively affect O2 levels

50
Q

What is compliance?

A

The ease at which the lungs and thorax expand

51
Q

What is partial pressure?

A

The pressure exerted by each type of gas in a mixture

52
Q

What is Dalton’s law of pressure?

A

The total pressure is the sum of the individual pressures of each gas

53
Q

What is the difference in solubility of CO2 and O2?

A

CO2 is 20x more soluble than O2

54
Q

What is the relationship between alveolar pressure and the atmospheric pressure at the end of expiration?

A

They are equivalent

55
Q

When are alveolar pressure and atmospheric pressure the same? How can you tell?

A

At the end of expiration
No air moves into or out of the lungs

56
Q

When is alveolar pressure less than atmospheric pressure?

A

As inspiration begins the alveolar volume increases decreasing the alveolar pressure and drawing air into the lungs

57
Q

When is alveolar pressure greater than atmospheric pressure?

A

During expiration because contraction of the diaphragm decreases the volume in the alveoli and increases pressure expelling air

58
Q

What is lung recoil?

A

The tendency for lungs to decrease in size after being stretched to to elastic recoil and surface tension

59
Q

What is elastic recoil?

A

Elastic fibers in the alveolar walls return to their original shape after being stretched

60
Q

What is surface tension?

A

Tends to make alveoli collapse (surfactant prevents this)

61
Q

What is a pneumothorax?

A

Air inside the pleural cavity that causes a loss of pleural pressure and the lungs collapse

62
Q

How does the partial pressure gradient affect gas movement?

A

Gas moves from high partial pressure to low partial pressure
Normally the partial pressure of oxygen is higher in alveoli than in blood and vice versa for CO2

63
Q

What is the significance of the membrane thickness on gas exchange?

A

The thicker the membrane the lower the diffusion rate.
Diseases like tuberculosis and pneumonia increase the membrane thickness.

64
Q

What is the significance of surface area on gas exchange?

A

Decreased surface area decreases diffusion rate
Diseases like emphysema and lung cancer reduce available surface area

65
Q

What are the four types of hemoglobin?

A

Embryonic
Fetal
Adult
Hemoglobin-S

66
Q

What is the difference between embryonic and fetal hemoglobin versus adult and Hemoglobin-S hemoglobin?

A

They have a higher affinity for O2 than maternal hemoglobin

67
Q

What is the Haldane Effect?

A

As hemoglobin binds to CO2 its affinity for O2 is reduced

68
Q

How does pH change affect hemoglobin?

A

As blood pH decreases oxygen bound to hemoglobin decreases because the acidity changes the shape of the hemoglobin
This increases the amount of CO2 in the blood and balances the pH

69
Q

How does temperature affect CO2 concentration in the blood?

A

Increase temp -> Increases CO2

70
Q

How does exercise affect CO2 concentration in the blood?

A

activity -> increased CO2

71
Q

What does a decrease in pH benefit?

A

The tissues because more O2 will be removed

72
Q

What does an increase in pH benefit?

A

The lungs because more CO2 will be removed

73
Q

What is anatomical shunt?

A

deoxygenated blood from the bronchi and bronchioles mixing with blood in the pulmonary veins, a left shift is advantageous in the lungs

74
Q

How is pulmonary ventilation-perfusion coupling disrupted?

A

Insufficient blood flow to the alveoli or insufficient air flow to the alveoli

75
Q

How do the lungs control where blood goes?

A

Low PO2 causes arterioles to constrict so that blood is shunted to a region of the lung where the alveoli are better ventilated

76
Q

How do the tissues control where blood goes?

A

In other tissues of the body, low PO2 causes arterioles to dilate to deliver more blood to the tissues

77
Q

What does the Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG) do?

A

It produces the normal involuntary rhythm of breathing called eupnea

78
Q

What does the Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG) do?

A

It receives input from chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors to modify respiratory rhythm

79
Q

What does the Pontine Respiratory Group do?

A

It modulates the pulmonary ventilation rate
Appears to play a role in switching between inspiration and respiration

80
Q

What is hypoxia?

A

Decreasing oxygen levels in the blood

81
Q

What is apnea?

A

The absence of breathing (voluntary or involuntary)

82
Q

How do the cerebral and limbic systems control ventilation?

A

They control the rate and depth of breathing (voluntary and involuntary)

83
Q

What is the anaerobic threshold?

A

The highest level of exercise that can be performed without a significant change in blood pH

84
Q

What does a small increase in blood CO2 do to ventilation?

A

It dramatically increases rate and depth of pulmonary gas exchange

85
Q

What is Hypercapnia? Hypocapnia?

A

High CO2 levels
Low CO2 levels

86
Q

Where are the two main chemoreceptors?

A

The carotid and aortic body

87
Q

How does ventilation change as you age?

A

Vital capacity and maximum pulmonary ventilation, maximum minute volume, and gas exchange decrease
Residual volume and dead space increase
The ability to remove mucus from respiratory passageways decreases
Lung compliance increases due to lost alveoli
Gas exchange across respiratory membrane is reduced

88
Q

What is Emphysema?

A

Destruction of alveolar walls
Increased coughing bursts alveoli limiting areas for gas exchange
With bronchitis it is called COPD

89
Q

What is Cystic Fibrosis?

A

A genetic disorder that affects mucous secretions throughout the body due to an abnormal transport protein
Mucous is more viscous and accumulates in ducts and tubes like the bronchioles restricting airflow and increasing the risk of infection

90
Q

What is Carbon Monoxide Poisoning?

A

CO binds more strongly to the hemoglobin than O2 and it prevents already-bound O2 from entering the tissues

91
Q

What is Tuberculosis?

A

Caused by the bacterium Clostridium tuberculosis
Creates lumplike lesions which are attacked and amplified by the immune system

92
Q

What is Pneumonia?

A

Caused by many different bacteria or viruses
Symptoms include fever, difficulty breathing, chest pain
Edema in the lungs decreases their ability to inflate and exchange gases

Anatomy Exam 3 (2 decks)

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