Respiratory System Flashcards
What is Physiological respiration?
Physiological respiration:
process by which animals exchange gases with their surroundings – how they take in O2 from the environment and deliver it to body cells, and remove CO2 from body cells and deliver it to the environment
What is cellular respiration?
Cellular respiration: includes all the oxidative reactions that lead to production of ATP in mitochondria of animal cells – where O2 is used and CO2 is released
What two things does gas exchange in animals depend on?
how gas exchange occurs in an animal depends on its respiratory medium and the nature of its respiratory surface
What is respiratory medium?
the respiratory medium for aquatic animals is water, for terrestrial animals, it is air – amphibians use both
What is breathing?
exchange of gases with the respiratory medium is called breathing, whether the medium is air or water
What is the respiratory surface?
the respiratory surface, formed by a layer of epithelial cells, is the interface between the body and the respiratory medium
What are the two structural properties that face a high rate of diffusion?
respiratory surfaces typically have two structural properties that favor a high rate of diffusion – they are thin, and they have large surface areas
By what method does gas exchange occur in animals?
in all animals, exchange of O2 and CO2 across the respiratory surface occurs by simple diffusion – movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration
What does this equation indicate?
(t = x2/4D)
Rate of diffusion:
inversely proportional to the square of the distance over which diffusion occurs
This expression appears to be related to the time (t) it takes for diffusion to occur. It suggests that the rate of diffusion is inversely proportional to the square of the distance (x) and directly proportional to the diffusion coefficient (D). This relationship is derived from the solution to Fick’s Second Law in a one-dimensional system under certain conditions.
The equation suggests that the time of diffusion is directly proportional to the square of the distance (x2) and inversely proportional to the diffusion coefficient (D). This implies that if the distance is increased, the time for diffusion will increase, but if the diffusion coefficient is increased, the time for diffusion will decrease.
What does this equation mean? (dQ/dT = DA (dC/dx)
Rate of diffusion
directly proportional to the surface area across which diffusion occurs (dQ/dt = DA (dC/dx))
becomes higher with larger concentration gradients and with increasing temperature (dQ/dt = DA (dC/dx))
This equation represents the rate of diffusion (dQ/dt) and is proportional to the product of the diffusion coefficient (D), the surface area (A), and the concentration gradient (dC/dx). This relationship highlights that a larger surface area, a steeper concentration gradient, and a higher diffusion coefficient contribute to a higher rate of diffusion.
This statement reinforces the idea that a higher concentration gradient (dC/dx) contributes to a higher rate of diffusion. Additionally, it mentions that increasing temperature can also lead to a higher rate of diffusion. Higher temperatures generally increase the kinetic energy of particles, making them move more rapidly and thereby facilitating the diffusion process.
What comprises the respiratory surface in some small animals?
What animals does this include?
in some relatively small animals, such as sponges, ctenophores, roundworms, flatworms, and some annelids, the entire body surface serves as the respiratory surface
What forms the respiratory surface in large animals?
in larger animals, specialized structures (gills and lungs) form the primary respiratory surface for exchanging gases with water and air
in water-breathing animals, ____ are ____ of the body – they extend outward into the respiratory medium
gills . . . evaginations
What are tracheal systems?
a system of branching tubes channels air from the outside to the internal organs and most individual cells of the animal
What forms the respiratory surface in insects?
in insects, a system of branching tubes (tracheal system) channels air from the outside to the internal organs and most individual cells of the animal
in terrestrial animals, ____ are ____ of the body surface, deep in the body interior where they are less susceptible to drying out
lungs . . . invaginations
While must the respiratory surface be wetted?
gases must dissolve in water to enter and leave epithelial cells – the respiratory surface must be wetted, either directly by the respiratory medium or by a thin film of water
What are evaginations?
Evagination refers to the outward folding or projection of a structure
What is responsible for gas exchange? (think general)
the respiratory system is responsible for gas exchange
What does the respiratory system consist of?
consists of all parts of the body involved in exchanging air between the external environment and the blood
What is invagination?
Invagination refers to the inward folding or infolding of a structure.
What do gills extend into for water-breathing animals?
in water-breathing animals, gills are evaginations of the body – they extend outward into the respiratory medium
What is perfusion?
perfusion – the flow of blood or other body fluids to the internal side of the respiratory surface
most animals have structures that ___ ___ ___ of the respiratory surface?
increase the area