Respiratory system

Question 1

Describe the four layers of the trachea

Answer 1

Mucosa - inner layer, pseudo stratified columnar epithelium ciliated cells, goblet cells that secrete mucus to trap particles
Submucosa - goblet cells, sero mucus cells, smooth muscle, nerves, vessels, lymphatics, made up of connective tissue.
The watery secretions humidity the inspired air, the sero mucus gland and goblet cells work together to trap particles towards the pharynx by the cilia in the epithelium
Muscle cartilaginous layer- represents the 16,20 c shaped cells anterolaterally and the fibre muscular wall made up of tracheal muscle posteriorly
Adventitia - outer layer, connective tissue

Question 2

Factors that aid ventilation

Answer 2

pressure gradients
airway resistance
compliance of the lungs
surface tension,

Question 3

Describe Chemoreceptor and their actions

Answer 3

Chemoreceptors are special nerve cells that detect changes in the chemical composition of the blood and send information to the brain to regulate cardiovascular and respiratory functions. There are two major types, which are peripheral and central chemoreceptors.

Question 4

Identify mediastinum

Answer 4

our mediastinum is a space in your chest that holds your heart and other important structures. It’s the middle section of your thoracic cavity, between your left and right pleural cavities

Question 5

Describe respiratory centres and their actions

Answer 5

The medulla oblongata is the primary respiratory control center. Its main function is to send signals to the muscles that control respiration to cause breathing to occur.

The pons is part of the brain stem

Question 6

Describe mechanics of breathing

Answer 6

When the lungs inhale, the diaphragm contracts and pulls downwards.
The muscles between the ribs contract and pull upwards
This increases the size of the thoracic cavity and decreases the pressure inside. Causing the lungs to fill with air

Opposite when you exhale, diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, increases pressure inside

Question 7

Describe bronchi - 3 parts

Answer 7

Primary (main)
- left and right
Secondary (lobular)
-
Tertiary (segmental

Question 8

Describe lungs - alveoli

Question 9

Nasal cavity

Answer 9

humidify, warm, filter, and act as a conduit for inspired air, as well as protect the respiratory tract through the use of the mucociliary system.
Paranasal sinuses
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
Frontal
Maxillary

Question 10

Dyspnoea

Answer 10

Difficulty in breathing

Question 11

Tachypnoea:

Answer 11

Faster than normal breathing

Question 12

Apnoea:

Answer 12

Absence of breathing

Question 13

Orthopnoea:

Answer 13

Difficult in breathing when lying done

Question 14

Cheyne-Stokes respiration:

Answer 14

Periodic breathing

Question 15

Function of respiratory system

Answer 15

Warns and moistens air
Delivers o2 to cells in the body that need it
Removes wast products

Question 16

Respiratory system and cardiovascular system collaboration?

Answer 16

The cardiovascular system supports the respiratory system by bringing blood to and from the lungs,
It also helps deliver nutrient and oxygen from the lungs to tissues and organs in the body
It helps remove carbon dioxide and waste products.

Question 17

Name the components of the upper and lower respiratory system

Answer 17

Upper - nose, pharynx and larynx
Lower - trachea, bronchi, bronchiole, alveolar duct, alveoli

Question 18

Wha are the 3 parts of respiration?

Question 19

What are 3 functions of the nose?

Question 20

Describe the structure of the nasal cavity

Question 21

Name the four pairs of paranasal sinuses

Question 22

Describe the regions of the pharynx

Question 23

State four functions of the larynx

Question 24

List the cranial nerves associated with the larynx and their functions

Question 25

Name and describe the two triangles in the neck

Question 26

Describe the structure of the trachea

Question 27

How are bronchi formed, what is the feature of the primary main bronchi

Question 28

What are the characteristics of bronchioles and how are they different from bronchi

Question 29

Describe the structure of alveoli and their role for respiration

Question 30

Explain pulmonary ventilation

Answer 30

Pulmonary ventilation is commonly referred to as breathing. It is the process of air flowing into the lungs during inspiration (inhalation) and out of the lungs during expiration (exhalation). Air flows because of pressure differences between the atmosphere and the gases inside the lungs.

Question 31

What are the factors of pulmonary ventilation

Answer 31

Pressure gradients
Airway resistance
Compliance of lung
Surface tension

Question 32

What is boyles law

Answer 32

The volume of gas is inversely proportional to pressure (when temperature is constant)

Question 33

How does Boyle law affect pulmonary ventilation

Answer 33

Boyle’s law has application in human breathing. As the lungs expands, the volume inside the lungs increases and the pressure inside decreases (it follows Boyle’s law). As the pressure is in lower concentration inside the body, the air moves inside the lungs from

Question 34

3 borders of the lungs

Answer 34

Anterior
Posterior
Inferior

Question 35

How does the structure of the main bronchi
differ between the left and right sides?

Question 36

What distinguishes bronchioles from
bronchi?

Question 37

Describe the epithelium and smooth muscle
arrangement in bronchioles

Question 38

What is the role of alveolar macrophages?

Question 39

Explain the process of inspiration

Question 40

Where are the respiratory centres located

Question 41

What are the four types of cells

Question 42

How does diffusion of gases occur between
blood and alveoli

Question 43

What is Dalton’s law?

Question 44

What are the functions of the ventral and
dorsal respiratory groups in the medulla
oblongata?