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Chapter 22 Respiratory System > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

what is the respiratory system

A

a system of tubes that delivers air to the lungs

O2 diffuses into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out

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2
Q

what do the respiratory system and urinary system collaborate on

A

to regulate the body’s acid base balance

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3
Q

what is valsalva maneuver

A

a maneuver in which a person tries to exhale forcibly with a closed glottis ( the windpipe) so that no air exits thru mouth and nose
ex.: strenuous coughing, straining during BM, or lisfting heavy weight
impedes the return of venous blood to heart

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4
Q

valsalva maneuver can assist in

A

diagnosing a hernia by decreasing intra abdominal pressure

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5
Q

what is thoracic pump

A

squeezing abdomen

pumps the venous blood (thru venae cavae)

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6
Q

where is the upper respiratory tract located

A

in head and necknose thru larynx

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7
Q

where is the lower respiratory tract located

A

organs of the thorax trachea thru lungs

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8
Q

what is the nasal fossae

A

R and L halves of the nasal cavity

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9
Q

what is vibrassae

A

stiff guard hairs that block insects and debris from entering nose

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10
Q

what is the meatus

A

narrow air passage beneath each conchae

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11
Q

what is the location of the laryngopharynx

A

spams from the epiglottis to cricoid cartilage (sits on top of trachea)

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12
Q

where does the esophagus begin

A

at the cricoid cartilage

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13
Q

what does the nasopharynx pass

A

air

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14
Q

what type of cells is the nasopharynx made of

A

lined with pseudostratisfied columnar epithelium

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15
Q

what does the oropharynx and laryngopharynx pass

A

air, food, drink

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16
Q

what type of cells is the oropharynx and laryngopharynx made of

A

lined with stratified squamous epilethium

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17
Q

what is a pseudostratified epithelium

A

where all are attached to base layer, some touch top and others dont

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18
Q

what is the thyroid cartilage

A
  1. largest laryngeal prominence (adams apple) shield shaped

2. testosterone stimulated growth, larger in males

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19
Q

what is the cricoid cartilage

A

connects larynx to trachea and are ringlike

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20
Q

the pulmonary artery branches closely follow

A

the bronchial tree on their way to the alveoli

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21
Q

the branched artery services what

A

services bronchial tree with systemic blood

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22
Q

the bronchial artery starts from

A

aorta

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23
Q

what is the pulmonary lobule

A

portion of lung ventilated by one bronchiole

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24
Q

terminal bronchioles DO NOT have ___________or _________________

A

mucous glands or goblet cells

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25
Q

respiratory bronchioles DO NOT have

A

cilia

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26
Q

what is the atrium in a respiratory bronchiole

A

the central space in alveolar sacs in which alveoli are arrayed in grapelike clusters

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27
Q

why do bronchioles not have goblets

A

they are so small

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28
Q

what is the passage of air flow in the conducting division

A
  1. nasal cavity 5. main bronchus
  2. pharynx 6. lobar bronchus
  3. larynx 7. segmental bronchus
  4. trachea 8. bronchiole
    9. terminal bronchiole
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29
Q

what is the passage of air flow in the respiratory division

A
  1. resp bronchiole
  2. alveolar duct
  3. atrium
  4. alveolus
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30
Q

alveolar macrophages are also known as what type of cells

A

dust cells-most numerous of all cells in the lungs

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31
Q

each alveolus is surrounded by which _____

supplied by which artery

A
  1. basket of blood capillaries

2. pulmonary artery

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32
Q

what are functions of plurae and pleural fluid

A
  1. reduce friction
  2. create pressure gradient
  3. lower pressure than atmospheric pressure and assists lung inflation
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33
Q

what is compartmentalization in plurae

A

prevents spread of infection from one organ in the mediastinum to others

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34
Q

which pericardium is closer to heart

A

visceral

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35
Q

what is the main function of the diaphragm

A

prime mover of respiration

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36
Q

internal and external intercostal muscles are synergists for what muscle

A

diaphragm

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37
Q

how do you perform valsalva maneuver

A
  1. take deep breathe
  2. holding it by closing the glottis
  3. and then contracting
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38
Q

what controls unconscious breathing

A

neurons in medulla oblongata and pons

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39
Q

what are the 3 pairs of resp. centers in the brainstem that controls automatic, unconscious cycle of breathing

A
  1. VRG - medulla
  2. DRG - medulla
  3. PRG - pons
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40
Q

what is eupnea

A

quiet breathing

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41
Q

where does VRG originate

A

nuclei of medulla

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42
Q

VRG function

A
  1. primary generation of resp. rhythm
  2. inspiratory neurons in quiet breathing (eupnea) fir for about 2 sec
  3. expiratory neurons in eupnea fire for about 3 sec allowing muscles to relax
  4. produces resp. rhythm of 12 breaths per minute
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43
Q

where does the DRG originate

A

nuclei of medulla

44
Q

DRG function

A
  1. modifies rate and depth of breathing

2. receives influences from external sources

45
Q

where does the PRG originate

A

pons

46
Q

PRG function

A
  1. modifies rhythm of VRG by outputs to both the VRG & DRG

2. adapts breathing to special circumstances such as sleep ex: vocalization and emotional response

47
Q

what is pulmonary fibrosis

2. how does is affect lungs

A
  1. scarring

2. reduces elasticity of lungs

48
Q

what apnea

A

temporary cessation of breathing

49
Q

what is dyspnea

A

labored, grasping breathing

SOB

50
Q

what is eupnea

A
  1. relaxed quiet breathing

2. characterized by tidal volume 500 mL and the resp rate 12-15 bpm

51
Q

what is Kussmaul respiration

A

deep, rapid breathing often induced by acidosis ( in terminal diabetes)

52
Q

what is hyperpnea

A

increased rate and depth of breathing in response to exercise, pain or other conditions

53
Q

what is hyperventilation

A

increased pulmonary ventilation in excess of metabolic demand

54
Q

what is hypoventilation

A

reduced pulmonary ventilation

55
Q

what is orthopnea

A

dyspnea that occurs when a person is lying down

56
Q

what is respiratory arrest

A

permanent cessation of breathing

57
Q

what is tachypnea

A

accelerated respiration

58
Q

what is acidosis

A

(acid formation) retention of carbon dioxide

59
Q

what is normal breathing rate

A

12 - 15 bpm

60
Q

how much nitrogen gas is in air

A

78.6%

61
Q

whats the composition of air

A
  1. nitrogen - 78.6%
  2. O2 - 20.9%
  3. carbon dioxide - 0.04%
  4. water vapor - 0-4%
62
Q

what is partial pressure

A

100% and amount that each is contributing

63
Q

what is the % of CO2

A

0.04%

64
Q

where is alveolus found

A

teeth and gums

65
Q

total blood takes how long to return or make one complete circle in the body

A

1 minute

66
Q

what is hyperbaric O2 therapy

A

treatment w/O2 no greater than one ATM of pressure

67
Q

what conditions does hyperbaric O2 therapy treat

A
  1. gangrene killing anaerobic bacteria

2. carbon monoxide poisoning

68
Q

what is gangrene

A

necrosis of tissue due to lack of O2 to tissue

69
Q

which dissolves faster in blood CO2 or O2

A

CO2 it is 20x more soluable than O2

70
Q

thickening of the resp membrane casues what cond?

results in?

A
  1. pulmonary edema and pneumonia

2. reduces gas exchange

71
Q

describe components of carbon dioxide transport

A
  1. 70% as biocarbonate ion (not carbonate)
  2. 23% bound to hemoglobin
  3. 7% dissolved in plasma
72
Q

what 2 elements attach to hemoglobin

A

O2 and carbon

73
Q

between carbon monoxide and O2, which one attaches to hemoglobin

A

carbon dioxide

74
Q

which binding is much stronger that of carbon monoxide or O2

A

carbon monoxide

75
Q

what is hemoglobin

A

molecule specialized in O2 transport

76
Q

what is hemoglobin made of

A
  1. heme - non proteinous part

2. globin - proteinous part

77
Q

each hemoglobin can bind to how many O2

A

4

78
Q

how many hemoglobin molecules in RBC

A
  1. 280 mil

2. each one can bind to 4 O2

79
Q

what is CO2 loading

A

where CO2 diffuses into blood

80
Q

what does carbonic anhydrase in RBC catalyse into

A

CO2 + H2O -> H2CO3 -> HCO3 -> H+

81
Q

what are normal levels of pH, PCO2, PO2 in blood

A

pH: 7.45-7.45
PCO2: 40 mmHg
PO2: 95 mmHg
normal systemic arterial blood formation

82
Q

how dies H ion get produced

A

carbonic acid

83
Q

what produces about 75% of the change in resp. induced by pH shift

A

central chemoreceptors in medulla oblongata

84
Q

what is hypoxia

A

a deficiency of O2 in a tissue or inability to use O2

85
Q

anemic hypoxia

A

due to anemia resulting from inability of blood to carry adequate O2 (caused by sickle cell disease)

86
Q

ischemic hypoxia

A

inadequate circulation of blood CHF

87
Q

hypoxemic hypoxia

A
  1. state of low arterial PO2

2. less ventilation in lungs

88
Q

cyanosis

A

blueness of skin

ex; strangulation

89
Q

what are 2 determinants of air flow

A
  1. pressure
  2. resistance
  3. the greater the resistance the slower the flow
90
Q

how long can ATP last in your lung

A

has to be used up with in a minute

91
Q

500 mL of inhaled volume of air once warmed in lungs will be increase or decrease volume

A

increase in volume to 536 when warmed

at temp increases, volume increases (Charles Law

92
Q

what is the condition IRDS and who does it effect

A
  1. infant resp distress syndrome

2. premature babies

93
Q

what is vital capacity

A

total amt of air flow that can be inhaled and the exhaled w/maximum effort

VC=ERV (1200) + TV (500) + IRV (3000) = 4700 mL
*important measure of pulmonary health

94
Q

what is Daltons Law

A

the total atmospheric pressure is the sum of the contributions of the individual gases

95
Q

what is venous reserve

A

O2 remaining in blood after it passes thru capillary beds

96
Q

what important role does venous reserve play in body

A

can save life up to 4-5 minutes CPR

97
Q

in hyperventilation does pH level of blood rise or decrease

A

increases

blood becomes more basic because more CO2 is being expelled from the body than it is being produced

98
Q

what is Boyles Law

A

PxV = constant (inversely proportional
Temp (T),
as pressure increases, volume decreases
as volume increase (more air in), pressure decreases

99
Q

what is Charles Law

A

v1/v2 = v2/v1

as temp increases, volume increases

100
Q

what are 3 factors influencing airway resistance

A
  1. diameter of the bronchioles
  2. pulmonary compliance - ease with which lungs expand
  3. surface tension of alveoli and distal bronchioles
101
Q

what is alveolar surface tension

A

thin film of water needed for gas exchange

102
Q

what do sufactants do in the lungs

A

breaks down hydrogen bonds (reduces surface tension)

allows lungs to open easily (expansion

103
Q

what are restrictive disorders

A
  1. reduce pulmonary compliance
  2. limit amt to which lungs can be inflated
  3. any disease that produces pulmonary fibrosis
104
Q

what is O2 unloading

A

is H= binding to HbO2 reduces its affinity for O2

105
Q

what produces carbonic acid

A

CO2 does and in CSf reacts with H2O and proudces carbonic acid the peripheral chemoreceptors

Chapter 22 Respiratory System (2 decks)

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