Respiratory System Flashcards
what is the respiratory system
a system of tubes that delivers air to the lungs
O2 diffuses into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out
what do the respiratory system and urinary system collaborate on
to regulate the body’s acid base balance
what is valsalva maneuver
a maneuver in which a person tries to exhale forcibly with a closed glottis ( the windpipe) so that no air exits thru mouth and nose
ex.: strenuous coughing, straining during BM, or lisfting heavy weight
impedes the return of venous blood to heart
valsalva maneuver can assist in
diagnosing a hernia by decreasing intra abdominal pressure
what is thoracic pump
squeezing abdomen
pumps the venous blood (thru venae cavae)
where is the upper respiratory tract located
in head and necknose thru larynx
where is the lower respiratory tract located
organs of the thorax trachea thru lungs
what is the nasal fossae
R and L halves of the nasal cavity
what is vibrassae
stiff guard hairs that block insects and debris from entering nose
what is the meatus
narrow air passage beneath each conchae
what is the location of the laryngopharynx
spams from the epiglottis to cricoid cartilage (sits on top of trachea)
where does the esophagus begin
at the cricoid cartilage
what does the nasopharynx pass
air
what type of cells is the nasopharynx made of
lined with pseudostratisfied columnar epithelium
what does the oropharynx and laryngopharynx pass
air, food, drink
what type of cells is the oropharynx and laryngopharynx made of
lined with stratified squamous epilethium
what is a pseudostratified epithelium
where all are attached to base layer, some touch top and others dont
what is the thyroid cartilage
- largest laryngeal prominence (adams apple) shield shaped
2. testosterone stimulated growth, larger in males
what is the cricoid cartilage
connects larynx to trachea and are ringlike
the pulmonary artery branches closely follow
the bronchial tree on their way to the alveoli
the branched artery services what
services bronchial tree with systemic blood
the bronchial artery starts from
aorta
what is the pulmonary lobule
portion of lung ventilated by one bronchiole
terminal bronchioles DO NOT have ___________or _________________
mucous glands or goblet cells
respiratory bronchioles DO NOT have
cilia
what is the atrium in a respiratory bronchiole
the central space in alveolar sacs in which alveoli are arrayed in grapelike clusters
why do bronchioles not have goblets
they are so small
what is the passage of air flow in the conducting division
- nasal cavity 5. main bronchus
- pharynx 6. lobar bronchus
- larynx 7. segmental bronchus
- trachea 8. bronchiole
9. terminal bronchiole
what is the passage of air flow in the respiratory division
- resp bronchiole
- alveolar duct
- atrium
- alveolus
alveolar macrophages are also known as what type of cells
dust cells-most numerous of all cells in the lungs
each alveolus is surrounded by which _____
supplied by which artery
- basket of blood capillaries
2. pulmonary artery
what are functions of plurae and pleural fluid
- reduce friction
- create pressure gradient
- lower pressure than atmospheric pressure and assists lung inflation
what is compartmentalization in plurae
prevents spread of infection from one organ in the mediastinum to others
which pericardium is closer to heart
visceral
what is the main function of the diaphragm
prime mover of respiration
internal and external intercostal muscles are synergists for what muscle
diaphragm
how do you perform valsalva maneuver
- take deep breathe
- holding it by closing the glottis
- and then contracting
what controls unconscious breathing
neurons in medulla oblongata and pons
what are the 3 pairs of resp. centers in the brainstem that controls automatic, unconscious cycle of breathing
- VRG - medulla
- DRG - medulla
- PRG - pons
what is eupnea
quiet breathing
where does VRG originate
nuclei of medulla
VRG function
- primary generation of resp. rhythm
- inspiratory neurons in quiet breathing (eupnea) fir for about 2 sec
- expiratory neurons in eupnea fire for about 3 sec allowing muscles to relax
- produces resp. rhythm of 12 breaths per minute
where does the DRG originate
nuclei of medulla
DRG function
- modifies rate and depth of breathing
2. receives influences from external sources
where does the PRG originate
pons
PRG function
- modifies rhythm of VRG by outputs to both the VRG & DRG
2. adapts breathing to special circumstances such as sleep ex: vocalization and emotional response
what is pulmonary fibrosis
2. how does is affect lungs
- scarring
2. reduces elasticity of lungs
what apnea
temporary cessation of breathing
what is dyspnea
labored, grasping breathing
SOB
what is eupnea
- relaxed quiet breathing
2. characterized by tidal volume 500 mL and the resp rate 12-15 bpm
what is Kussmaul respiration
deep, rapid breathing often induced by acidosis ( in terminal diabetes)
what is hyperpnea
increased rate and depth of breathing in response to exercise, pain or other conditions
what is hyperventilation
increased pulmonary ventilation in excess of metabolic demand
what is hypoventilation
reduced pulmonary ventilation
what is orthopnea
dyspnea that occurs when a person is lying down
what is respiratory arrest
permanent cessation of breathing
what is tachypnea
accelerated respiration
what is acidosis
(acid formation) retention of carbon dioxide
what is normal breathing rate
12 - 15 bpm
how much nitrogen gas is in air
78.6%
whats the composition of air
- nitrogen - 78.6%
- O2 - 20.9%
- carbon dioxide - 0.04%
- water vapor - 0-4%
what is partial pressure
100% and amount that each is contributing
what is the % of CO2
0.04%
where is alveolus found
teeth and gums
total blood takes how long to return or make one complete circle in the body
1 minute
what is hyperbaric O2 therapy
treatment w/O2 no greater than one ATM of pressure
what conditions does hyperbaric O2 therapy treat
- gangrene killing anaerobic bacteria
2. carbon monoxide poisoning
what is gangrene
necrosis of tissue due to lack of O2 to tissue
which dissolves faster in blood CO2 or O2
CO2 it is 20x more soluable than O2
thickening of the resp membrane casues what cond?
results in?
- pulmonary edema and pneumonia
2. reduces gas exchange
describe components of carbon dioxide transport
- 70% as biocarbonate ion (not carbonate)
- 23% bound to hemoglobin
- 7% dissolved in plasma
what 2 elements attach to hemoglobin
O2 and carbon
between carbon monoxide and O2, which one attaches to hemoglobin
carbon dioxide
which binding is much stronger that of carbon monoxide or O2
carbon monoxide
what is hemoglobin
molecule specialized in O2 transport
what is hemoglobin made of
- heme - non proteinous part
2. globin - proteinous part
each hemoglobin can bind to how many O2
4
how many hemoglobin molecules in RBC
- 280 mil
2. each one can bind to 4 O2
what is CO2 loading
where CO2 diffuses into blood
what does carbonic anhydrase in RBC catalyse into
CO2 + H2O -> H2CO3 -> HCO3 -> H+
what are normal levels of pH, PCO2, PO2 in blood
pH: 7.45-7.45
PCO2: 40 mmHg
PO2: 95 mmHg
normal systemic arterial blood formation
how dies H ion get produced
carbonic acid
what produces about 75% of the change in resp. induced by pH shift
central chemoreceptors in medulla oblongata
what is hypoxia
a deficiency of O2 in a tissue or inability to use O2
anemic hypoxia
due to anemia resulting from inability of blood to carry adequate O2 (caused by sickle cell disease)
ischemic hypoxia
inadequate circulation of blood CHF
hypoxemic hypoxia
- state of low arterial PO2
2. less ventilation in lungs
cyanosis
blueness of skin
ex; strangulation
what are 2 determinants of air flow
- pressure
- resistance
- the greater the resistance the slower the flow
how long can ATP last in your lung
has to be used up with in a minute
500 mL of inhaled volume of air once warmed in lungs will be increase or decrease volume
increase in volume to 536 when warmed
at temp increases, volume increases (Charles Law
what is the condition IRDS and who does it effect
- infant resp distress syndrome
2. premature babies
what is vital capacity
total amt of air flow that can be inhaled and the exhaled w/maximum effort
VC=ERV (1200) + TV (500) + IRV (3000) = 4700 mL
*important measure of pulmonary health
what is Daltons Law
the total atmospheric pressure is the sum of the contributions of the individual gases
what is venous reserve
O2 remaining in blood after it passes thru capillary beds
what important role does venous reserve play in body
can save life up to 4-5 minutes CPR
in hyperventilation does pH level of blood rise or decrease
increases
blood becomes more basic because more CO2 is being expelled from the body than it is being produced
what is Boyles Law
PxV = constant (inversely proportional
Temp (T),
as pressure increases, volume decreases
as volume increase (more air in), pressure decreases
what is Charles Law
v1/v2 = v2/v1
as temp increases, volume increases
what are 3 factors influencing airway resistance
- diameter of the bronchioles
- pulmonary compliance - ease with which lungs expand
- surface tension of alveoli and distal bronchioles
what is alveolar surface tension
thin film of water needed for gas exchange
what do sufactants do in the lungs
breaks down hydrogen bonds (reduces surface tension)
allows lungs to open easily (expansion
what are restrictive disorders
- reduce pulmonary compliance
- limit amt to which lungs can be inflated
- any disease that produces pulmonary fibrosis
what is O2 unloading
is H= binding to HbO2 reduces its affinity for O2
what produces carbonic acid
CO2 does and in CSf reacts with H2O and proudces carbonic acid the peripheral chemoreceptors
