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Chapter 22 Respiratory System > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

(105 cards)

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1
Q

what is the respiratory system

A

a system of tubes that delivers air to the lungs

O2 diffuses into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out

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2
Q

what do the respiratory system and urinary system collaborate on

A

to regulate the body’s acid base balance

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3
Q

what is valsalva maneuver

A

a maneuver in which a person tries to exhale forcibly with a closed glottis ( the windpipe) so that no air exits thru mouth and nose
ex.: strenuous coughing, straining during BM, or lisfting heavy weight
impedes the return of venous blood to heart

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4
Q

valsalva maneuver can assist in

A

diagnosing a hernia by decreasing intra abdominal pressure

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5
Q

what is thoracic pump

A

squeezing abdomen

pumps the venous blood (thru venae cavae)

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6
Q

where is the upper respiratory tract located

A

in head and necknose thru larynx

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7
Q

where is the lower respiratory tract located

A

organs of the thorax trachea thru lungs

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8
Q

what is the nasal fossae

A

R and L halves of the nasal cavity

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9
Q

what is vibrassae

A

stiff guard hairs that block insects and debris from entering nose

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10
Q

what is the meatus

A

narrow air passage beneath each conchae

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11
Q

what is the location of the laryngopharynx

A

spams from the epiglottis to cricoid cartilage (sits on top of trachea)

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12
Q

where does the esophagus begin

A

at the cricoid cartilage

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13
Q

what does the nasopharynx pass

A

air

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14
Q

what type of cells is the nasopharynx made of

A

lined with pseudostratisfied columnar epithelium

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15
Q

what does the oropharynx and laryngopharynx pass

A

air, food, drink

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16
Q

what type of cells is the oropharynx and laryngopharynx made of

A

lined with stratified squamous epilethium

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17
Q

what is a pseudostratified epithelium

A

where all are attached to base layer, some touch top and others dont

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18
Q

what is the thyroid cartilage

A
  1. largest laryngeal prominence (adams apple) shield shaped

2. testosterone stimulated growth, larger in males

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19
Q

what is the cricoid cartilage

A

connects larynx to trachea and are ringlike

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20
Q

the pulmonary artery branches closely follow

A

the bronchial tree on their way to the alveoli

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21
Q

the branched artery services what

A

services bronchial tree with systemic blood

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22
Q

the bronchial artery starts from

A

aorta

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23
Q

what is the pulmonary lobule

A

portion of lung ventilated by one bronchiole

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24
Q

terminal bronchioles DO NOT have ___________or _________________

A

mucous glands or goblet cells

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25
respiratory bronchioles DO NOT have
cilia
26
what is the atrium in a respiratory bronchiole
the central space in alveolar sacs in which alveoli are arrayed in grapelike clusters
27
why do bronchioles not have goblets
they are so small
28
what is the passage of air flow in the conducting division
1. nasal cavity 5. main bronchus 2. pharynx 6. lobar bronchus 3. larynx 7. segmental bronchus 4. trachea 8. bronchiole 9. terminal bronchiole
29
what is the passage of air flow in the respiratory division
1. resp bronchiole 2. alveolar duct 3. atrium 4. alveolus
30
alveolar macrophages are also known as what type of cells
dust cells-most numerous of all cells in the lungs
31
each alveolus is surrounded by which _____ | supplied by which artery
1. basket of blood capillaries | 2. pulmonary artery
32
what are functions of plurae and pleural fluid
1. reduce friction 2. create pressure gradient 3. lower pressure than atmospheric pressure and assists lung inflation
33
what is compartmentalization in plurae
prevents spread of infection from one organ in the mediastinum to others
34
which pericardium is closer to heart
visceral
35
what is the main function of the diaphragm
prime mover of respiration
36
internal and external intercostal muscles are synergists for what muscle
diaphragm
37
how do you perform valsalva maneuver
1. take deep breathe 2. holding it by closing the glottis 3. and then contracting
38
what controls unconscious breathing
neurons in medulla oblongata and pons
39
what are the 3 pairs of resp. centers in the brainstem that controls automatic, unconscious cycle of breathing
1. VRG - medulla 2. DRG - medulla 3. PRG - pons
40
what is eupnea
quiet breathing
41
where does VRG originate
nuclei of medulla
42
VRG function
1. primary generation of resp. rhythm 2. inspiratory neurons in quiet breathing (eupnea) fir for about 2 sec 2. expiratory neurons in eupnea fire for about 3 sec allowing muscles to relax 4. produces resp. rhythm of 12 breaths per minute
43
where does the DRG originate
nuclei of medulla
44
DRG function
1. modifies rate and depth of breathing | 2. receives influences from external sources
45
where does the PRG originate
pons
46
PRG function
1. modifies rhythm of VRG by outputs to both the VRG & DRG | 2. adapts breathing to special circumstances such as sleep ex: vocalization and emotional response
47
what is pulmonary fibrosis | 2. how does is affect lungs
1. scarring | 2. reduces elasticity of lungs
48
what apnea
temporary cessation of breathing
49
what is dyspnea
labored, grasping breathing | SOB
50
what is eupnea
1. relaxed quiet breathing | 2. characterized by tidal volume 500 mL and the resp rate 12-15 bpm
51
what is Kussmaul respiration
deep, rapid breathing often induced by acidosis ( in terminal diabetes)
52
what is hyperpnea
increased rate and depth of breathing in response to exercise, pain or other conditions
53
what is hyperventilation
increased pulmonary ventilation in excess of metabolic demand
54
what is hypoventilation
reduced pulmonary ventilation
55
what is orthopnea
dyspnea that occurs when a person is lying down
56
what is respiratory arrest
permanent cessation of breathing
57
what is tachypnea
accelerated respiration
58
what is acidosis
(acid formation) retention of carbon dioxide
59
what is normal breathing rate
12 - 15 bpm
60
how much nitrogen gas is in air
78.6%
61
whats the composition of air
1. nitrogen - 78.6% 2. O2 - 20.9% 3. carbon dioxide - 0.04% 4. water vapor - 0-4%
62
what is partial pressure
100% and amount that each is contributing
63
what is the % of CO2
0.04%
64
where is alveolus found
teeth and gums
65
total blood takes how long to return or make one complete circle in the body
1 minute
66
what is hyperbaric O2 therapy
treatment w/O2 no greater than one ATM of pressure
67
what conditions does hyperbaric O2 therapy treat
1. gangrene killing anaerobic bacteria | 2. carbon monoxide poisoning
68
what is gangrene
necrosis of tissue due to lack of O2 to tissue
69
which dissolves faster in blood CO2 or O2
CO2 it is 20x more soluable than O2
70
thickening of the resp membrane casues what cond? | results in?
1. pulmonary edema and pneumonia | 2. reduces gas exchange
71
describe components of carbon dioxide transport
1. 70% as biocarbonate ion (not carbonate) 2. 23% bound to hemoglobin 3. 7% dissolved in plasma
72
what 2 elements attach to hemoglobin
O2 and carbon
73
between carbon monoxide and O2, which one attaches to hemoglobin
carbon dioxide
74
which binding is much stronger that of carbon monoxide or O2
carbon monoxide
75
what is hemoglobin
molecule specialized in O2 transport
76
what is hemoglobin made of
1. heme - non proteinous part | 2. globin - proteinous part
77
each hemoglobin can bind to how many O2
4
78
how many hemoglobin molecules in RBC
1. 280 mil | 2. each one can bind to 4 O2
79
what is CO2 loading
where CO2 diffuses into blood
80
what does carbonic anhydrase in RBC catalyse into
CO2 + H2O -> H2CO3 -> HCO3 -> H+
81
what are normal levels of pH, PCO2, PO2 in blood
pH: 7.45-7.45 PCO2: 40 mmHg PO2: 95 mmHg normal systemic arterial blood formation
82
how dies H ion get produced
carbonic acid
83
what produces about 75% of the change in resp. induced by pH shift
central chemoreceptors in medulla oblongata
84
what is hypoxia
a deficiency of O2 in a tissue or inability to use O2
85
anemic hypoxia
due to anemia resulting from inability of blood to carry adequate O2 (caused by sickle cell disease)
86
ischemic hypoxia
inadequate circulation of blood CHF
87
hypoxemic hypoxia
1. state of low arterial PO2 | 2. less ventilation in lungs
88
cyanosis
blueness of skin | ex; strangulation
89
what are 2 determinants of air flow
1. pressure 2. resistance 3. the greater the resistance the slower the flow
90
how long can ATP last in your lung
has to be used up with in a minute
91
500 mL of inhaled volume of air once warmed in lungs will be increase or decrease volume
increase in volume to 536 when warmed | at temp increases, volume increases (Charles Law
92
what is the condition IRDS and who does it effect
1. infant resp distress syndrome | 2. premature babies
93
what is vital capacity
total amt of air flow that can be inhaled and the exhaled w/maximum effort VC=ERV (1200) + TV (500) + IRV (3000) = 4700 mL *important measure of pulmonary health
94
what is Daltons Law
the total atmospheric pressure is the sum of the contributions of the individual gases
95
what is venous reserve
O2 remaining in blood after it passes thru capillary beds
96
what important role does venous reserve play in body
can save life up to 4-5 minutes CPR
97
in hyperventilation does pH level of blood rise or decrease
increases | blood becomes more basic because more CO2 is being expelled from the body than it is being produced
98
what is Boyles Law
PxV = constant (inversely proportional Temp (T), as pressure increases, volume decreases as volume increase (more air in), pressure decreases
99
what is Charles Law
v1/v2 = v2/v1 | as temp increases, volume increases
100
what are 3 factors influencing airway resistance
1. diameter of the bronchioles 2. pulmonary compliance - ease with which lungs expand 3. surface tension of alveoli and distal bronchioles
101
what is alveolar surface tension
thin film of water needed for gas exchange
102
what do sufactants do in the lungs
breaks down hydrogen bonds (reduces surface tension) | allows lungs to open easily (expansion
103
what are restrictive disorders
1. reduce pulmonary compliance 2. limit amt to which lungs can be inflated 3. any disease that produces pulmonary fibrosis
104
what is O2 unloading
is H= binding to HbO2 reduces its affinity for O2
105
what produces carbonic acid
CO2 does and in CSf reacts with H2O and proudces carbonic acid the peripheral chemoreceptors

Chapter 22 Respiratory System (2 decks)

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