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Nursing Fourth Year > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the role of the lungs? +

A

The lungs remove CO2 from the body and replenish the body with fresh O2

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2
Q

How does air pass into the lungs (steps in passage of air)

A
  1. Air enters the nasal cavity, passes down the upper respiratory tract
  2. Air passes down the trachea
  3. Passes through the bronchi bilaterally
  4. Passes through the bronchioles towards the alveolar sacs
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3
Q

Where does gas exchange occur?

A

The alveoli sacs and capillaries cover the alveoli which is where gas exchange occurs.

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4
Q

Describe the process of gas exchange at the alveolar sites.

A

The pulmonary artery takes unoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs. The blood is oxygenated by the O2 carried from the bronchioles. Blood is then brought to the heart via the pulmonary vein. CoO2 is exhaled.

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5
Q

What are the 5 adventitious lung sounds?

A
  1. Crackles
  2. Wheezes
  3. Rhonchi
  4. Stridor
  5. Pleural friction rub
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6
Q

What are the 4 key aspects to be considered when abnormal lung sounds are heard?

A
  1. Timing
  2. Pitch
  3. Description of the sound
  4. Locations
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7
Q

What are the two types of crackles?

A

Fine crackles and coarse crackles

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8
Q

Describe fine crackles (timing, pitch, location and description of sound)

A
  • Timing: heard towards the end of inspiration
  • Pitch: High-pitched sound
  • Location: small airways
  • Sound: pops and crackles
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9
Q

What conditions do fine crackles occur in?

A

-CHF
-Atelectasis
-Pneumonia
-Pulmonary fibrosis

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10
Q

Describe coarse crackles (timing, pitch, location and description of sound)

A
  • Timing: heard towards the start of inspiration
  • Pitch: Low pitched
  • Sound: gurgling sound
  • Location: large airways
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11
Q

What conditions do coarse crackles occur in?

A
  • Heart failure
    -Pneumonia
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12
Q

What causes fine crackles?

A

The alveolar sacs are fluid-filled or inflamed. Air has limited space to flow through, causing the air to push through the extra fluid to escape, causing the crackling sound.

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13
Q

What causes coarse crackles?

A

Occur from breathing in air into a partially blocked airway. The bronchi are filled with thick mucus and fluid.

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14
Q

Describe wheezes (timing, pitch, location and description of sound)

A

-Timing: Heard on exhalation
-Pitch: High pitched
-Sound: squeaky, whistling sound
- Location: throughout the lungs

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15
Q

What conditions do wheezes occur in?

A

-Asthma
-COPD
-Lung infections

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16
Q

What causes wheezes?

A

The airways have narrowed. Causing a whistling sound.

17
Q

Describe rhonchi (timing, pitch, location and description of sound)

A

Timing: Heard on exhalation
Pitch: Loud and low pitch
Location: Large airways
Sound: Sounds like snoring, snorting and improves with cough and suctioning

18
Q

What causes rhonchi?

A

Occurs when the air leaves the trachea and bronchus and hits a secretion (fluid or mucus)

19
Q

What conditions can rhonchi occur in?

A

-Bronchitis
-Pneumonia
-COPD

20
Q

Describe stridor (timing, pitch, location and description of sound)

A

-Timing: Occurs on inhalation
-Pitch: High pitched
-Locations: neck or laryngeal area
-Sound: High-pitched wheezes

21
Q

What causes stridor?

A

Caused by the narrowing of the airways in the larynx and trachea, as a result of swelling or blockage.

22
Q

What conditions can stridor occur?

A

Croup
Anaphylaxis
Object/obtsruction

23
Q

Describe pleural friction rub (timing, pitch, location and description of sound)

A

-Timing: Occurs on inspiration
-Pitch: Low pitch
-Location: Pleuralayers
-Sound: Harsh rating sound
Pain during deep breaths

24
Q

Describe a pneumonhorax

A

A pneumothorax occurs when air enters the pleura space which causes negative pressure to accumulate within the space, and causes the lung to collapse over time.

25
Q

Where does the visceral pleura attach?

A

Attaches to the lung

26
Q

Where does the parietal pleura attach?

A

Attaches to the thoracic cavity

27
Q

Open vs Closed pneumothorax.

A

Open: Occurs when there is an opening in the chest, allowing air from outside ott enter the pleural space
Closed: Occurs when there is no damage to the chest wall and air enters through internal damage or leakage.

28
Q

Symptoms of pneumothorax.

A

-Tachycardia
-HYpotenstion
-Tachypnea
-Hypoxia

29
Q

What is respiratory acidosis?

A

Respiratory acidosis occurs when CO2 is retained, causing a decrease in the pH and a decrease in bicarbonate production to recompensate for acidity due to inadequate oxygenation. Mian cause; bradypnea

30
Q

Causes of respiratory acidosis?

A
  • Sedative drugs/opioids
    -Pulmonary edema
    -Pneumonia
    -Emphysema
    -Asthma
31
Q

Signs and symptoms of respiratory acidosis?

A

-Changes to LOC
-Hypoxia
-Bradypnea (resp under 12)
-Tachypnea
-Increased CO2 levels

32
Q

Nursing Interventions for Respiratory Acidosis.

A
  1. Administer oxygen
  2. Assess respirations and neuro vitals
  3. Encourage deep bretahing
  4. Consider bronchodilators
  5. Monitor potassium levels
33
Q

Why do potassium levels increase with respiratory acidosis?

A

The blood becomes more acidic, and hydrogen ions (H+) move from the blood into cells in an attempt to balance the pH. Potassium ions then shift out of the cells into the bloodstream.

34
Q

What is respirtaory alkosis?

A

Occurs when TOO MUCH CO2 is being exhaled. Occurs commonly is hyperventilation. Expelling CO2 at a fast rate causes the pH to increase.
The main cause is tachypnea (resps over 20)

35
Q

What are the important lab values in alkalosis and acidosis?

A

pH: 7.35-7.45
paCO2: 35-45
HCO3: 22-26

36
Q

What causes respiratory alkalosis?

A
  • Hyperventilation
    -Fever
    -ASA toxicity

Nursing Fourth Year (4 decks)

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