Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

physiology test 2 > respiratory system > Flashcards

respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

primary functions of the respiratory system

A

-provides extensive gas exchange surface area between air and blood
-moves air to and from exchange surfaces of the lungs
- protects respiratory surfaces from the outside environment
- produces sounds
-participates in olfactory sense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

nose

A
  1. warming, moistening and filtering air
  2. olfaction
  3. modifying speech vibrations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

pharynx / throat

A

-chamber shared by digestive and respiratory systems
-divided into:
1. nasopharynx
2.oropharynx
3.laryngopharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

respiratory epithelium

A

-pseudostratified columnar epithelium
-mucous glands and mucous cells collect pathogens
-cilia on epithelial cells
-mucous gets pushed out from mouth or swallowed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

trachea / windpipe

A

-c-shaped cartilage rings provide support
-extends to mediastinum where it becomes right and left pulmonary bronchi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

bronchioles

A

-branches from bronchi
-smooth muscle innervated by ANS and stimulated by circulating adrenaline
-parasympathetic = bronchiole constriction
-sympathetic and adrenaline = bronchiole dilation
-dynamic = significant capacity to change diameter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Bronchopulmonary lobule

A

-lobule begins from terminal bronchiole
-terminal bronchiole subdivides into several respiratory bronchioles
-marks beginning of a respiratory zone where gas exchange takes place
-branch into alveolar ducts
-leads to alveolar sac containing several alveoli.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

alveoli

A

-cup shaped pouch to increase surface area

alveoli type 1
- simple squamous cells
-long cytoplasmic extensions
-site of gas exchange

alveoli type 2
- cuboidal epithelial cells
-microvilli
-secretes pulmonary surfactant which reduces the surface tension of fluid in lungs (by providing layer of lipid to repel water) so lung doesn’t collapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

respiratory membranes

A

gas exchange surface where diffusion is very rapid bc the distance is short and gases are lipid soluble
three parts to membrane
1. squamous epithelial lining of alveolus
2. endothelial cells lining an adjacent capillary
3. fused basal laminae between alveolar and endothelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Fick’s law of diffusion

A

the rate of diffusion of. agas molecule across a membrane is
1. proportional to the area of the membrane
2. inversely proportional to the thickness of the membrane
3. proportional to the difference in concentration or partial pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Blood supply to respiratory surfaces

A

Each lobule contains its own blood supply
-respiratory exchange surfaces receive blood from arteries and pulmonary circuit
-a capillary network surrounds each alveolus
-blood from the alveolar capillaries passes through pulmonary venules and veins and returns to the left atrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Lungs pleural membranes

A

-essential to keep lungs inflated
-mediastinum seperates the thoracic cavity into two distinct compartments
-pleural membranes enclose each lung
-parietal pleura = cover thoracic cavity
-visceral pleura = cover surface of lung
-pleural cavity = contains lubricating fluid secreted by membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

3 processes of respiration

A
  1. pulmonary ventilation (breathing)
    - the physical movement of air in and out of the respiratory tract
  2. external respiration
    - includes all processes exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide with the interstitial fluids and the external environment.
  3. internal respiration
    - ‘cellular respiration’
    - involves the uptake of oxygen and carbon dioxide in individual cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

-pressure of gas is inversely proportional to the volume of gas
-determines how much air moves in and out of the lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Pulmonary ventilation - inhalation

A

-active process
-during quiet breathing, contraction of diaphragm and interossei expands thoracic cavity
-decreases pressure in the lung
-air flows down the pressure gradient, into the lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Pulmonary ventilation - exhalation

A

-passive process
-relaxation of all muscles
-elastic recoil of chest wall and lungs
-volume decreases
-pressure in lungs increases
-air flows out

17
Q

Primary muscles of breathing

A

inhalation = diaphragm
exhalation = external intercostal muscles

18
Q

How does the lung move with the thoracic cavity?

A

-no skeletal muscle in lung tissue
-has to move with thoracic cavity
-two critical factors
1. cohesive forces on intrapleural fluid
2. transpulmonary pressure gradient across lung wall

19
Q

factors affecting pulmonary ventilation

A
  1. lung compliance
  2. elastance
  3. surface tension of alveolar fluid
  4. airways resistance
20
Q

respiratory diseases (2)

A
  1. obstructive lung diseases
    - difficulty to EXPIRE
  2. restrictive lung diseases
    -difficulty to INSPIRE
21
Q

lung volumes

A

-tidal
-inspiratory reserve
-expiratory reserve
-residual

22
Q

lung capacities

A

-inspiratory
-functional residue
-vital
-total lung

23
Q

respiratory minute volume

A

-amount of air moved in and out the lung per minute
-respiratory rate x tidal volume
- fresh air in conducting airways does not participate in gas exchange = called anatomic dead space
- only 70% of fresh air reaches alveoli

24
Q

alveolar ventilation

A

-more effective measure than respiratory minute volume
-respiratory rate x (tidal volume - anatomical dead space)
- rate and depth of breathing determine alveloar ventilation
-more efficient to breath deeper and slower

25
Q

gas exchange governed by what laws?

A
  1. ficks law
  2. daltons law
  3. henrys law
26
Q

daltons law - partial pressures

A

-each gas in a mixture exerts a pressure according to its own concentration, independently of other gases present
-partial pressure of each gas = total pressure x fractional composition of gas in a mixture
-

27
Q

diffusion of gas in a liquid

A
  • at the same partial pressure, concentrations of two different gases in a liquid will be different depending on their solubility
28
Q

what diffusion occurs in external respiration?

A

at lungs, diffusion of oxygen from alveoli to blood and diffusion of carbon dioxide from blood to alveoli

at tissues, diffusion of oxygen from blood to tissues and diffusion of carbon dioxide from tissues to blood

29
Q

oxygen transport

A

-most oxygen transported in blood is bound to haemoglobin
-in tissues, oxygen is favoured UNbound, UNloaded from haemoglobin
- in lungs, oxygen is favoured bound to haemoglobin

30
Q

physical and chemical factors that effect haemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen

A

-as pH increases, oxygen attaches to haemoglobin
-as temperature increases, oxygen unloads from haemoglobin
-as POH increases, the effect of pH is decreased

31
Q

carbon dioxide transport

A

7% physically dissolved
23% bound to haemaglobin
70% as bicarbonate ion

32
Q

Control of respiration
3 levels of control

A
  1. neural control
    - involuntary establishment of basic breathing rhythm (rhythm centre = medulla oblongata)
    -involuntary adjustment of rate and depth (controlled by neurons in the pons)
  2. chemical control
    -chemoreceptors
  3. voluntary control
    - cerebral cortex
33
Q

Neural control of respiration

A

-phrenic nerves send impulses to diaphragm
-intercostal nerves send impulses to intercostal muscles
-impulse stimulates contraction (inhalation) and expiration when impulse ceases

34
Q

Two groups of neurons in the medullary centre

A
  1. Dorsal respiratory group (GRG)
    -inspiratory centre
    -function in quiet and forced breathing
  2. Ventral respiratory group
    -inspiratory and expiratory centre
    -functions only in forced breathing
35
Q

what do neurons in the pons do?

A

adjust breathing rate and depth (fine tuning) to match metabolic demands

36
Q

two types of chemoreceptors

A
  1. peripheral chemoreceptors
    - outside of CNS
    -strongly detect changes in plasma pH
    -weaker response to PCO2 and PO2
  2. central chemoreceptors
    -in medulla
    -detect changes in pH in the cerebrospinal fluid

BOTH EXERT SECONDARY CONTROL OVER BREATHING

37
Q

effect of alveolar ventilation on blood gases

A

as alveolar ventilation INcreases)
-PO2 increases
-PCO2 decreases

as alveolar ventilation DEcreases)
-PO2 decreases
-PCO2 increases

Since CO2 is more soluble than 02, changes in alveolar ventilation affect CO2 more greatly

38
Q

Why is hyperventilating before a breath hold a good idea?

A

-hyperventilating blows off CO2
-removes the breathing stimulus
-increases the time it takes for PCO2 to reach stimulus to breathe

physiology test 2 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions