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Respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

What structure separates the upper and lower respiratory system?

A

Vocal cords

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2
Q

Where is the root and apex of the nose?

A

Apex= Tip of your nose
Root= Where nose meets frontal bone

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3
Q

Name the structures that make up the nasal septum.

A

Lateral nasal cartilage, Greater alar cartilage, lesser alar cartilage, septal cartilage

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4
Q

What is the difference between bridge of the nose and the dorsum nasi?

A

Bridge is made up of nasal bones
Dorsum nasi is apex to root

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5
Q

Another name for nostril?

A

External Nares

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6
Q

Where/what are choanea?

A

Openings to nasopharynx, at posterior edge of hard palate and vomer

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7
Q

What are the nasal concha bones?

A

Superior, middle, inferior

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8
Q

What cranial nerve goes through the cribiform plate?

A

CN1/Olfactory

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9
Q

What is the significance of Limen nasi?

A

Transition of epithelium types.
(Along midline increases blood supply and has Kiesselbach’s plexus)

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10
Q

What is the reason epistaxis (bloody nose) flows so heavily?

A

Kiesselbach’s plexus

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11
Q

Significance of agger (meaning rough) nasi

A

Marks the site of ethmoid air cells/sinus

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12
Q

On the roof of the nasal cavity, what is the groove leading to olfactory?

A

Olfactory sulcus

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13
Q

What nerves are the only ones exposed to external environment?

A

Olfactory N.
And they are able to regenerate

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14
Q

What is the largest Conchae/turbinate bone?

A

Inferior (sparate bone, Middle and superior are part of ethmoid)

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15
Q

Function of Turbinate bones

A

Filter particulates
Heat up air
Moisturize

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16
Q

Why does your nose run when you cry?

A

Inferior meatus: receives ostium of nasolacrimal duct

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17
Q

Name the structures found in the middle meatus

A

Ethmoid bulla, uncinate process, semilunar hiatus, ethmoid infundibulum and frontal recess.

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18
Q
A

Frontal nasal duct- ethmoid infundibulum

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19
Q

Blood supply of nose

A
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20
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses?

A

Frontal
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Maxillary

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21
Q

Sensory and motor innervation of the paranasal sinus

A

S: pain CN 5
M: secretory CN 7

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22
Q

What is the function of the paranasal sinus?

A

Decrease the weight of skull
Change resonance of voice
Secret mucus
Cools the brain

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23
Q

Torus tubarius lines what structure and what is the clinical application of the torus tubarius?

A

Ostia of auditory tube
This is what you stimulate when massaging the soft palate to decrease nasal pressure.

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24
Q

What are hypertrophied pharyngeal tonsils? And what causes this?

A

Adenoids
Allergies and alcohol consumption

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25
What is the name of the continuous cartilaginous ring in the trachea?
Cricoid
26
How many c shaped hyaline cartilaginous rings are there on the trachea?
15-20
27
At what level does the trachea bifurcate?
T4/5 or sternal angle
28
If a kid inhales a grape, which primary bronchi is it more likely to go down? and why?
R bronchi because it has a wider diameter and is more vertical.
29
Plura over the apex of the lung
Cupula
30
What structures do you find in the hilum of the lung?
root of lung: -Sup pulmonary v. -inf pulmonary v. -pulmonary a. -superior lobar bronchus -intermediate bronchus -bronchopulmonary lymph nodes
31
What define the lobes of the lung?
Fissures (oblique and horizontal)
32
Homologous to middle lobe on Left superior lobe.
Lingula
33
What impressions are specific to the L lung, not found on the R.
Groove for Aorta Groove for azygos is found on the R.
34
Portion of the lung supplied with air from tertiary bronchus?
Bronchopulmonary segments
35
Where do each levels of bronchi go?
Primary - lung Secondary - lobe Tertiary - bronchopulmonary segment
36
How does the psoas effect inhalation?
Direct connection via the medial arcuate ligament.
37
What major apertures and the associated spinal levels are in the diaphragm?
T8- IVC T10- Esophagus T12-Aorta
38
What is the anatomical names for the adam's apple?
laryngeal prominence
39
What is phonation?
Production of sound
40
Where is the larynx found?
ANT neck between C4&C6
41
What anatomical structures makes speech?
Larynx + tongue + pharynx + Jaw + fascial muscles
42
How many cartilages are found in the skeleton of the larynx?
3 Unpaired (x2) 3 minor -9 separate cartilages total 4 major
43
What are the 4 major cartilages of the larynx?
Thyroid Cricoid Arytenoid (x2) (with corniculate=minor) Epiglottic/ Epiglottis
44
What is the space below the epiglottis?
Aditus
45
Where do you find the cuneiform cartilage?
Quadrangular membrane
46
Conus elasticus think...
vocal production
47
What is the "true vocal fold/cord" made from?
Vocal ligament (thickening of conus elasticus) Tighter ligament= higher frequency Looser ligament= lower
48
What is the clinical importance of the piriform recess in the larynx?
Common place to get food stuck. Esp. little fish bones
49
During anaphylaxis mucosal lining will swell and cause narrowing of what?
Aditus laryngis
50
What does splashing cold water on ones face during anaphylaxis do?
mammalian dive reflex to decrease HR
51
What are the intrinsic muscles of the larynx
Cricothyroid Posterior cricoarytenoid Lateral cricoarytenoid Transverse arytenoid/arytenoideus Oblique arytenoid thyroarytenoid vocalis
52
What is the only muscle that abducts the vocal cords?
Posterior Cricoarytenoid Everything else adducts
53
What muscle lowers pitch and which increases pitch?
Thyroarytenoid lowers vocalis increases
54
What never innervates all intrinsic muscles of the larynx.
Motor = Recurrent laryngeal nerve (branch off of vagus nerve) Exception: Cricothyroid = sup laryngeal nerve Sensory also = recurrent laryngeal and sup laryngeal nerve
55
What structures does the recurrent laryngeal nerve go under on the left and right?
R= BCT where it splits to CC and SC L= arch of aorta and ligamentum arteriosum
56
If someone's voice sounds horse or shaky this might be a symptom of what?
Panroast tumor at apex of heart
57
What are the arteries/veins of the larynx?
upper: Sup laryngeal br off Sup thyroid a&v lower: Inf laryngeal br of Inf thryoid a&v
58
Sup thyroid A. is a branch off of what?
External carotid
59
Inf thyroid A. is a branch off of what?
Thyrocervical trunk off of subclavian A.
60
What does the thyroid gland secret?
T3 T4 (metabolism, homeostasis) Calcitonin (increase osteoblast activity to decrease Ca in blood and put it back to bones)
61
What is the most important role of Ca in the body?
regulating secretion of NTM muscle contrition coupling
62
Vitamin D is now considered a hormone, what does it do?
Regulates Ca absorption
63
Apex to base: where is the thyroid gland located?
Inf 1/3 of thyroid cartilages 5th/6th tracheal ring
64
Where is the isthmus of the thyroid gland located?
2nd/3rd tracheal ring
65
Where does the thyroid gland get its arterial supply?
Sup thyroid ( Br off ECA) Inf thyroid (br off thyrocervical tunk) Throidea ima
66
What is the venous drangage of the Thryroid
Sup thyroid -IJV Middle thyroid - IJV Inf thyroid - BCV
67
Where does the IJV terminate? and what sits inside it?
Sigmoid sulcus Sigmoid sinus
68
Descent and development of thyroid gland
Through thyroglossal duct (later closes to form Foramen cecum) to final destination. Foramen cecum divides ANT 2/3 POST 1/3 ** CN 7 and
69
Excess T3/T4 secreted, weight loss, increased appetite, insomnia, tremor, loss of heat regulation=
Hyperthyroidism
70
Weight gain, tiredness, heavy menstrual bleeding, hair loss, cold intolerance=
Hypothyroidism
71
Decreased Iodine or under active thyroid gland will enlarge or shrink thyroid gland?
Enlarge
72
Swelling/Goiter conditions
Iodine deficiency Hashimotos thyroiditis Graves disease Euthyroid
73
Common conditions of the parathyroid gland And what is a common symptom?
Hypoparathyroidism Hyperparathyroidism
74
What does PTH do
Increase serum Ca levels / increase osteoclast activity

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