RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Flashcards
RESPIRATORY DISEASE - DEFINITION
Type of disease that affects the lungs and other types of the respiratory system
RESPIRATORY DISEASE - SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
- Dyspnoea
- Cough
- Chest px
- Wheeze
- Weight loss
- Fatigue
- Chest infections
- Mucus production coughing up blood
CAUSES OF BREATHLESSNESS - DEFINITION
CAUSES OF BREATHLESSNESS - CAUSES
- Asthma
- Chest infection
- Being overweight
- Smoking
- Panic attack
- COPD
- Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
- Heart failure
- Lung cancer
CAUSES OF BREATHLESSNESS - CVS
- Angina
- Heart attack
- Heart failure
- Some abnormal heart rhythms
o Atrial fibrillation
CAUSES OF BREATHLESSNESS - GI
- Any condition that leads to the build up of air or foodstuffs could cause both bloating anf breathlessness
- Stool inside the intestines
- IBS
- Celiac disease
- Lactose intolerance
- Constipation
- Ileus
- Bowel obstruction
- Gastroparesis
ACUTE BRONCHITIS - DEFINITION
Inflammation of lining of bronchial tube, which carries air from lungs
ACUTE BRONCHITIS - CAUSE
- Usually caused by viruses, typically same as colds and flu (influenza)
- Smoking
- Air pollution
- Dust
- Toxic gas from environment
ACUTE BRONCHITIS - POPULATION AFFECTED
- Can affect all ages, most common in children under 5
- More commonly developed in winter
ACUTE BRONCHITIS - RISK FACTORS
- Smoking
- Low resistance- may result from another acute illness such as a cold
- Exposure to irritants at work- e.g., grain or textiles
- Gastric reflux- repeated bouts of severe heartburn can irritate throat and inc chance of bronchitis
ACUTE BRONCHITIS - CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- Cough
- Production of mucus=- clear, white, yellowish-grey or green, rarely may have streak of blood
- Fatigue
- Shortness of breath
- Slight fever/chills
- Chest discomfort
- Potential body aches, mild headache
ACUTE BRONCHITIS - PROGNOSIS
- Usually improves within a week to 10 days without lasting effects, although cough may linger for weeks
- Antibiotics won’t work as it won’t kill influenza virus
BRONCHIOLOTIS - DEFINITION
- Common lung infection
- Causes inflammation and congestion in bronchioles
BRONCHIOLOTIS - CAUSE
Virus- influenza, rhinovirus, etc
BRONCHIOLOTIS - POPULATION AFFECTED
- Young children and infants
- Peak time is during winter
BRONCHIOLOTIS - RISK FACTORS
- Premature birth
- Underlying heart or lung conditions
- Depressed immune system
- Exposure to tobacco smoke
BRONCHIOLOTIS - CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- Early- runny/stuffy nose, cough, slight fever (not always present)
- After this may be a week or more of difficulty breathing or whistling of nose
- Many infants have an ear infection (otitis media)
BRONCHIOLOTIS - PROGNOSIS
- Most children get better with care at home
- Small % hospitalised
- See doctor if audible wheezing, breathing very fast, laboured breathing, lethargic appearance, refusal to drink, skin turning blue (cyanosis)
WHOOPING COUGH - DEFINITION
Highly contagious respiratory tract infection
WHOOPING COUGH - CAUSE
- Bacteria called Bordetella perussis
- When infected person coughs or sneezes, tiny germ-laden droplets are sprayed into air and inhaled by others
WHOOPING COUGH - POPULATION AFFECTED
- Before vaccine, considered childhood disease
- Mainly affects children too young to finish full course of ABs or teens/adults whose immunity has faded
WHOOPING COUGH - RISK FACTORS
- When vaccine wears off- leaves most teenagers and adults susceptible during outbreak
- Infants under 12 months who are unvaccinated or haven’t received full set have highest risk for severe complications and death
WHOOPING COUGH - CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- Once infected, takes about 7-10 days to show symptoms
- Runny nose
- Nasal congestion
- Red, watery eyes
- Fever
- Cough
- After week or two- provoke vomiting, red/blue face, extreme fatigue, end with high pitched ‘whoop’ sound during next breath of air
WHOOPING COUGH - PROGNOSIS
- Deaths are rare but most commonly occur in infants
- See doctor if prolonged coughing causes vomiting, face to turn red/blue, pauses in breathing, inhale with whooping sound
- Complications- bruised/cracked ribs, abdominal hernias, broken vessels in skin or whites of eyes
- Infant complications- pneumonia, slowed/stopped breathing, seizures
- Make sure fully vaccinated and boosted
PNEUMONIA - DEFINITION
- Infection that inflames air sacs in one or both lungs
- Sacs may fill with fluid or pus, causing cough, fever, child, and difficulty breathing
PNEUMONIA - CAUSE
- Variety of organisms, including bacteria, viruses and fungi
- Community acquired- most common type, occurs outside of hospitals. Caused by:
1. Bacteria- Streptococcus pneumoniae- occurs on its own once infected with a cold or flue
2. Bacteria like organisms- Mycoplasma pneumoniae- typically produces milder symptom’s
3. Fungi- most common in people with chronic health problems or weakened immune systems. Found in soil, bird droppings, etc
4. Viruses- most common in children younger than 5 - Hospital acquired- can be serious because bacteria causing it may be more resistant to ABs
- Health care-acquired- occurs in people who live in long-term care facilities, similar to hospital
- Aspiration- occurs when you inhale food, drink, vomit or saliva into lungs. More likely if something disturbs normal gag reflex, such as brain injury or swallowing problems
PNEUMONIA - POPULATION AFFECTED
People over 65
PNEUMONIA - RISK FACTORS
- Most serious for infants and young children (under 2)
- People over 65
- Health problems/weakened immune system
- Being hospitalised
- Smoking