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Respiratory System > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Pulmonary ventilation or?

A

Breathing

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2
Q

the inhalation (inflow) and exhalation (outflow) of air and involves the
exchange of air between the atmosphere and the alveoli of the lungs.

A

Pulmonary ventilation or breathing

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3
Q

Inhalation-
Exhalation-

A

Inhalation- Inflow
Exhalation- Outflow

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4
Q

Pulmonary ventilation or breathing
- the inhalation (inflow) and exhalation (outflow) of air and involves the
exchange of air between the _____ and the ______ of the lungs.

A

Pulmonary ventilation or breathing
the inhalation (inflow) and exhalation (outflow) of air and involves the
exchange of air between the ATMOSPHERE and the ALVEOLI of the lungs.

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5
Q

External (____) respiration

A

External (PULMONARY) RESPIRATION

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6
Q

the exchange of gases between the _____ of the _____ and the _______across the respiratory membrane. In this process, pulmonary capillary blood gains O2 and loses CO2.

A

the exchange of gases between the ALVEOLI of the LUNGS and the BLOOD IN PULMONARY CAPILLARIES across the respiratory membrane. In this process,
pulmonary capillary blood gains O2 and loses CO2.

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7
Q

the exchange of gases between the ALVEOLI of the LUNGS and the BLOOD IN PULMONARY CAPILLARIES across the respiratory membrane. In this process,
_________ gains ___and loses _____.

A

PULMONARY CAPILLARY BLOOD

gains O2
loses CO2

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8
Q

the exchange of gases between the alveoli of the lungs and the blood in
pulmonary capillaries across the respiratory membrane. In this process,
pulmonary capillary blood gains O2 and loses CO2.

A

External (Pulmonary) Respiration

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9
Q

Internal (______) respiration

A

Internal (TISSUE) Respiration

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10
Q

the exchange of gases between blood in systemic capillaries and tissue
cells wherein the blood loses O2 and gains CO2. Within cells, the metabolic
reactions that consume O2 and give off CO2 during the production of ATP
are termed cellular respiration.

A

Internal (TISSUE) Respiration

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11
Q

the exchange of gases between ________ and _____ wherein the blood loses ____ and gains _____. Within cells, the metabolic reactions that consume O2 and give off CO2 during the production of ATP are termed cellular respiration.

A

the exchange of gases between BLOOD IN SYSTEMIC CAPILLARIES and TISSUE CELLS wherein the blood loses (O2) and gains (CO2). Within cells, the metabolic reactions that consume O2 and give off CO2 during the production of ATP are termed cellular respiration.

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12
Q

the exchange of gases between BLOOD IN SYSTEMIC CAPILLARIES and TISSUE CELLS wherein the blood loses (O2) and gains (CO2). Within cells, the metabolic reactions that consume __ and give off __ during the _____are termed cellular respiration.

A

O2
CO2
Production of ATP

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13
Q

Within cells, the metabolic
reactions that consume O2 and give off CO2 during the production of ATP
are termed

A

cellular respiration.

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14
Q

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM is consists of

A

consists of the nose, pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), bronchi, and lungs

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15
Q

Structurally, the respiratory system consists of two parts:

A

UPPER RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
LOWER RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

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16
Q

includes the nose, nasal
cavity, pharynx, and associated structures

A

UPPER RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

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17
Q

includes the larynx,
trachea, bronchi, and lungs.

A

LOWER RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

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18
Q

Functionally, the respiratory system also consists of two parts:

A

CONDUCTING ZONE
RESPIRATORY ZONE

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19
Q

consists of a series of interconnecting
cavities and tubes both outside and within the lungs. These
include the nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi,
bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles; their function is to filter,
warm, and moisten air and conduct it into the lungs.

A

CONDUCTING ZONE

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20
Q

consists of tubes and tissues within the
lungs where gas exchange occurs. These include the
respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli
and are the main sites of gas exchange between air and blood.

A

RESPIRATORY ZONE

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21
Q

Conducting Zone is composed of (8)

A

These include the nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles;

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22
Q

Function of nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi,
bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles;

A

their function is to filter,
warm, and moisten air and conduct it into the lungs.

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23
Q

consists of tubes and tissues within the
lungs where gas exchange occurs. These include the
respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli
and are the main sites of gas exchange between air and blood.

A

Respiratory Zone

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24
Q

Function of Respiratory Zone (4)

A

These include the
respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli

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25
Q

Function of respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli

A

Main sites of gas exchange between air and blood.

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26
Q

Upper Respiratory tract includes? (2)

A

the nose and the pharynx(throat ).

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27
Q

Consists of the external nose and the
nasal cavity

A

Nose

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28
Q

Most of the external nose is
composed of

A

Hyaline Cartilage

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29
Q

The ______(x), and the _____(x) separate the nasal
cavity from the oral cavity.

A

Hard palate (bony)
Soft palate (muscular)

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30
Q

The hard palate(bony), and the soft palate(muscular) separate the ______
cavity from the _____ cavity.

A

Nasal Cavity
Oral Cavity

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31
Q

the external openings of the nose,

A

nares or nostrils,

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32
Q

the openings into
the pharynx.

A

choanae

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33
Q

common passageway
for both the
respiratory and the
digestive systems.

A

Pharynx

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34
Q

Connects nasal cavity
and mouth to the
larynx.

A

Pharynx

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35
Q

Pharynx Connects _______
and _____ to the
larynx.

A

Nasal Cavity
Mouth

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36
Q

Pharynx Connects nasal cavity and mouth to the
_ ____.

A

Larynx

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37
Q

Pharynx is divided into 3 regions:
(1) (2)
and (3)

A

the nasopharynx,
the oropharynx,
the laryngopharynx

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38
Q

The Lower Respiratory System (4)

A

Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs

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39
Q

voicebox, is located in
the throat and extends
from the tongue to the
trachea.

A

Larynx

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40
Q

It houses the vocal
cords.

A

Larynx

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41
Q

3 main functions of LArynx

A
  • maintain an open airway
  • protect the airway during swallowing,
  • and produce voice.
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42
Q

or windpipe, is a
tubular
passageway for
air, it projects
through the
mediastinum and
divides into the
right and left
primary bronchi.

A

Trachea

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43
Q
  1. Trachea
    or windpipe, is a
    tubular
    passageway for
    air, it projects
    through the
    _____ and
    divides into the
    ____ and _____
    primary bronchi.
A

Mediastinum
Right Primary Bronchi
Left Primary Bronchi

43
Q

At the superior border of
the fifth thoracic
vertebra,

A

Bronchi

44
Q

the trachea divides into a _______,
which goes into the ______
lung, and a _____,
which goes into the _____
lung.

A

Right Primary Bronchus- Right Lung
Left Primary Bronchus- Left Lung

45
Q

Bronchi contains about __
generations of branching

A

23

46
Q

is a specialist in
the diagnosis and treatment of
lung diseases.

A

Pulmonologist

47
Q

Are the principal organs of
respiration.

A

Lungs

48
Q

Separated from each other by
the heart and other structures of
the mediastinum, which divides
the thoracic cavity into two
anatomically distinct chambers.

A

Lungs

49
Q

Lungs is separated from each other by
the ______ and other structures of
the _______, which divides
the thoracic cavity into ____
anatomically distinct chambers.

A

heart
mediastinum,
which divides the thoracic cavity into (2)
anatomically distinct chambers.

50
Q

Lungs are enclosed and protected by

A

pleural membrane or pleura.

51
Q

Is also known as breathing or the act of inhaling and
exhaling.

A

Pulmonary Ventilation

52
Q

The movement of air into and out of the lungs depends on pressure changes governed in part by ________

A

Boyle’s law

53
Q

states that the volume of a gas varies inversely with pressure.

A

Boyle’s law

54
Q

occurs when alveolar pressure is higher than
atmospheric pressure where there is an increase in the
intrapleural pressure therefore the lung volume
decreases and alveolar pressure increases, allowing air
to move from the lungs to the atmosphere.

A

Exhalation

55
Q

occurs when alveolar pressure falls below
atmospheric pressure where there is a decrease in the
intrapleural pressure therefore the lungs expand.
Expansion of the lungs decreases alveolar pressure so
that air moves down a pressure gradient from the
atmosphere into the lungs.

A

Inhalation

56
Q

Modified respiratory movements (8) are used to express emotions and to clear
the airways

A

coughing,
sneezing,
sighing,
yawning,
sobbing,
crying,
laughing, and
hiccupping, .

57
Q

measured directly by use of a spirometer

A

Lung Volumes

58
Q

combination of different lung volumes

A

Lung capacities

59
Q

apparatus used to measure volumes and capacities

A

Spirometer

60
Q

record of lung volume and capacities

A

Spirogram

60
Q

record of lung volume and capacities

A

Spirogram

61
Q

inhalation

A

Upward Deflection

62
Q

exhalation

A

Downward Deflection

63
Q

A healthy adult averages __ breaths a minute moving about ____ of air
into and out of the lungs.

A

12 breaths per min
500mL of air in and out of lungs

64
Q

volume of one breath

A

Tidal Volume (VT)

65
Q

In a typical adult, ___% of VT (___) reaches the respiratory zone while the
other ___% (__mL) remains in the conducting airways in conducting zone

A

70%- 350mL reaches Respiratory Zone
30% - 150mL reaches Conducting zone

66
Q

conducting airways with air that does not
undergo respiratory exchange

A

Anatomic dead space

67
Q

additional inhaled air (3100mL in
average adult male and 1900mL in average adult female)

A

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

68
Q

amount of extra air exhaled during
forceful breath out (males: 1200mL; females: 700mL)

A

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

69
Q

volume of exhaled air in
1 second with maximal effort following a maximal inhalationj

A

Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second (FEV1)

70
Q

volume which cannot be measured by
spirometry

A

Residual Volume (RV)

71
Q

remaining air when residual volume are forced out

A

Minimal volume

72
Q

combinations of specific lung volumes

A

L U N G C A P A C I T I E S

73
Q

the sum of tidal volume and inspiratory
reserve volume
(500 mL + 3100 mL = 3600 mL in males and 500 mL + 1900 mL = 2400 mL in females).

A

Inspiratory capacity (IC)

74
Q

the sum of residual volume and
expiratory reserve volume
(1200 mL + 1200 mL = 2400 mL in males and 1100 mL + 700 mL = 1800 mL in females).

A

Functional residual capacity (FRC)-

75
Q

the sum of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal
volume, and expiratory reserve volume
(4800 mL in males and 3100 mL in females).

A

Vital capacity (VC)

76
Q

the sum of vital capacity and residual
volume
(4800 mL + 1200 mL = 6000 mL in males and 3100 mL + 1100 mL = 4200 mL in
females).

A

Total lung capacity (TLC)

76
Q

the sum of vital capacity and residual
volume
(4800 mL + 1200 mL = 6000 mL in males and 3100 mL + 1100 mL = 4200 mL in
females).

A

Total lung capacity (TLC)

77
Q

the total volume of air inspired and expired
each minute—is tidal volume multiplied by respiratory rate. In a
typical adult at rest, minute ventilation is about 6000 mL/min.
(V.= 12 breaths per minute × 500 mL = 6000 mL/min).

A

Minute ventilation (V.)

78
Q

A lower-than-normal minute ventilation usually is a sign of

A

pulmonary
malfunction.

79
Q

TRUE OR FALSE
Not all of inhaled air (500 mL) actually reaches the respiratory
zone of the respiration system. The 150 mL in the conducting zone
is the anatomic dead space. Hence, not all of the minute
ventilation can be used in gas exchange because some of it
remains in the anatomic dead space.

A

TRUE

80
Q

The alveolar ventilation (VA) is the volume of air per minute that
actually reaches the (mL)

A

Respiratory zone
(350 mL).

81
Q

the process of supplying the body with O2
and removing CO2

A

Respiration

82
Q

branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis
and treatment of diseases of the ears, nose, and throat (ENT)

A

Otorhinolaryngology

83
Q

Oxygen Transport
1.5% of inhaled O2 is dissolved in____
98.5% of the O2 is carried by

A

blood plasma
hemoglobin (Hb)

84
Q

Oxygen Transport
____ of inhaled O2 is dissolved in____
____ of the O2 is carried by

A

1.5%- blood plasma
98.5%- hemoglobin

85
Q

Carbon Dioxide
7% of the CO2 is dissolved in the ______
23% of the CO2 is carried by ___ inside RBCs as ______
70% of the CO2 is transported as ____ (HCO3)

A

-plasma
-hemoglobin- inside rbcs as carbaminohemoglobin
-bicarbonate ions

86
Q

Carbon Dioxide
___ of the CO2 is dissolved in the ______
____ of the CO2 is carried by ___ inside RBCs as ______
____of the CO2 is transported as ____ (HCO3)

A

7% -plasma
23% -hemoglobin- inside rbcs as carbaminohemoglobin
70% -bicarbonate ions

87
Q

Other Factors Affecting the Affinity of Hemoglobin for
Oxygen (5)

A
  1. Acidity (pH)
    2Partial pressure of carbon dioxide
    3Temperature
    4BPG
    5Type of Hb
88
Q

allow conscious control of respiration that
may be needed to avoid inhaling noxious gases or water

A

Cortical Influences

89
Q

central and peripheral chemoreceptors
monitor levels of O2 and CO2 and provide input to the respiratory
center

A

Chemoreceptor

90
Q

slight increase in PCO2 (and thus H+)

A

Hypercapnia

91
Q

Stimulates central chemoreceptors

A

Hypercapnia

92
Q

oxygen deficiency at the tissue level

A

Hypoxia

93
Q

Caused by a low PO2 in arterial blood due to high altitude,
airway obstruction or fluid in the lungs

A

Hypoxia

94
Q

characterized
by chronic airway
inflammation, airway
hypersensitivity to a
variety of stimuli, and
airway obstruction.

A

Asthma

95
Q

caused by
cigarette smoke and
ionizing radiation and
inhaled irritants, such as
asbestos and radon gas.

A

Lung cancer

96
Q

a rare form of cancer
that affects the
mesothelium (simple
squamous epithelium) of
a serous membrane.

A

Malignant mesothelioma

97
Q

an acute infection
or inflammation of the alveoli.

A

Pneumonia

98
Q

most often
affects the lungs and the
pleurae but may involve other
parts of the body caused by the
bacterium Mycobacterium
tuberculosis

A

Tuberculosis (TB)

99
Q

Tuberculosis is caused by what type of bacteria?

A

Mycobacterium
tuberculosis

100
Q

an
abnormal accumulation of fluid
in the interstitial spaces and
alveoli of the lungs.

A

Pulmonary edema

101
Q

an
emerging infectious disease,
that is, a disease that is new or
changing.

A

Severe acute respiratory
syndrome (SARS)

102
Q

characterized by
destruction of the walls of the
alveoli, producing abnormally large
air spaces that remain filled with air
during exhalation.

A

Emphysema

103
Q

disorder
characterized by excessive
secretion of bronchial mucus
accompanied by a productive cough
(sputum is raised) that lasts for at
least 3 months of the year for two
successive years.

A

Chronic Bronchitis

Respiratory System (1 decks)

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