Respiratory System Flashcards by Jessa Lou Macaranas

Pulmonary ventilation or?

Breathing

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the inhalation (inflow) and exhalation (outflow) of air and involves the
exchange of air between the atmosphere and the alveoli of the lungs.

Pulmonary ventilation or breathing

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Inhalation-
Exhalation-

Inhalation- Inflow
Exhalation- Outflow

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Pulmonary ventilation or breathing
- the inhalation (inflow) and exhalation (outflow) of air and involves the
exchange of air between the _____ and the ______ of the lungs.

Pulmonary ventilation or breathing
the inhalation (inflow) and exhalation (outflow) of air and involves the
exchange of air between the ATMOSPHERE and the ALVEOLI of the lungs.

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External (____) respiration

External (PULMONARY) RESPIRATION

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the exchange of gases between the _____ of the _____ and the _______across the respiratory membrane. In this process, pulmonary capillary blood gains O2 and loses CO2.

the exchange of gases between the ALVEOLI of the LUNGS and the BLOOD IN PULMONARY CAPILLARIES across the respiratory membrane. In this process,
pulmonary capillary blood gains O2 and loses CO2.

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the exchange of gases between the ALVEOLI of the LUNGS and the BLOOD IN PULMONARY CAPILLARIES across the respiratory membrane. In this process,
_________ gains ___and loses _____.

PULMONARY CAPILLARY BLOOD

gains O2
loses CO2

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the exchange of gases between the alveoli of the lungs and the blood in
pulmonary capillaries across the respiratory membrane. In this process,
pulmonary capillary blood gains O2 and loses CO2.

External (Pulmonary) Respiration

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Internal (______) respiration

Internal (TISSUE) Respiration

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the exchange of gases between blood in systemic capillaries and tissue
cells wherein the blood loses O2 and gains CO2. Within cells, the metabolic
reactions that consume O2 and give off CO2 during the production of ATP
are termed cellular respiration.

Internal (TISSUE) Respiration

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the exchange of gases between ________ and _____ wherein the blood loses ____ and gains _____. Within cells, the metabolic reactions that consume O2 and give off CO2 during the production of ATP are termed cellular respiration.

the exchange of gases between BLOOD IN SYSTEMIC CAPILLARIES and TISSUE CELLS wherein the blood loses (O2) and gains (CO2). Within cells, the metabolic reactions that consume O2 and give off CO2 during the production of ATP are termed cellular respiration.

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the exchange of gases between BLOOD IN SYSTEMIC CAPILLARIES and TISSUE CELLS wherein the blood loses (O2) and gains (CO2). Within cells, the metabolic reactions that consume __ and give off __ during the _____are termed cellular respiration.

O2
CO2
Production of ATP

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Within cells, the metabolic
reactions that consume O2 and give off CO2 during the production of ATP
are termed

cellular respiration.

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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM is consists of

consists of the nose, pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), bronchi, and lungs

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Structurally, the respiratory system consists of two parts:

UPPER RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
LOWER RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

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includes the nose, nasal
cavity, pharynx, and associated structures

UPPER RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

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includes the larynx,
trachea, bronchi, and lungs.

LOWER RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

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Functionally, the respiratory system also consists of two parts:

CONDUCTING ZONE
RESPIRATORY ZONE

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consists of a series of interconnecting
cavities and tubes both outside and within the lungs. These
include the nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi,
bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles; their function is to filter,
warm, and moisten air and conduct it into the lungs.

CONDUCTING ZONE

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consists of tubes and tissues within the
lungs where gas exchange occurs. These include the
respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli
and are the main sites of gas exchange between air and blood.

RESPIRATORY ZONE

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Conducting Zone is composed of (8)

These include the nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles;

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Function of nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi,
bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles;

their function is to filter,
warm, and moisten air and conduct it into the lungs.

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Respiratory Zone

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Function of Respiratory Zone (4)

These include the
respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli

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Function of respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli

Main sites of gas exchange between air and blood.

Upper Respiratory tract includes? (2)

the nose and the pharynx(throat ).

Consists of the external nose and the nasal cavity

Nose

Most of the external nose is composed of

Hyaline Cartilage

The ______(x), and the _____(x) separate the nasal cavity from the oral cavity.

Hard palate (bony) Soft palate (muscular)

The hard palate(bony), and the soft palate(muscular) separate the ______ cavity from the _____ cavity.

Nasal Cavity Oral Cavity

the external openings of the nose,

nares or nostrils,

the openings into the pharynx.

choanae

common passageway for both the respiratory and the digestive systems.

Pharynx

Connects nasal cavity and mouth to the larynx.

Pharynx

Pharynx Connects _______ and _____ to the larynx.

Nasal Cavity Mouth

Pharynx Connects nasal cavity and mouth to the _ ____.

Larynx

Pharynx is divided into 3 regions: (1) (2) and (3)

the nasopharynx, the oropharynx, the laryngopharynx

The Lower Respiratory System (4)

Larynx Trachea Bronchi Lungs

voicebox, is located in the throat and extends from the tongue to the trachea.

Larynx

It houses the vocal cords.

Larynx

3 main functions of LArynx

- maintain an open airway - protect the airway during swallowing, - and produce voice.

or windpipe, is a tubular passageway for air, it projects through the mediastinum and divides into the right and left primary bronchi.

Trachea

2. Trachea or windpipe, is a tubular passageway for air, it projects through the _____ and divides into the ____ and _____ primary bronchi.

Mediastinum Right Primary Bronchi Left Primary Bronchi

At the superior border of the fifth thoracic vertebra,

Bronchi

the trachea divides into a _______, which goes into the ______ lung, and a _____, which goes into the _____ lung.

Right Primary Bronchus- Right Lung Left Primary Bronchus- Left Lung

Bronchi contains about __ generations of branching

is a specialist in the diagnosis and treatment of lung diseases.

Pulmonologist

Are the principal organs of respiration.

Lungs

Separated from each other by the heart and other structures of the mediastinum, which divides the thoracic cavity into two anatomically distinct chambers.

Lungs

Lungs is separated from each other by the ______ and other structures of the _______, which divides the thoracic cavity into ____ anatomically distinct chambers.

heart mediastinum, which divides the thoracic cavity into (2) anatomically distinct chambers.

Lungs are enclosed and protected by

pleural membrane or pleura.

Is also known as breathing or the act of inhaling and exhaling.

Pulmonary Ventilation

The movement of air into and out of the lungs depends on pressure changes governed in part by ________

Boyle's law

states that the volume of a gas varies inversely with pressure.

Boyle's law

occurs when alveolar pressure is higher than atmospheric pressure where there is an increase in the intrapleural pressure therefore the lung volume decreases and alveolar pressure increases, allowing air to move from the lungs to the atmosphere.

Exhalation

occurs when alveolar pressure falls below atmospheric pressure where there is a decrease in the intrapleural pressure therefore the lungs expand. Expansion of the lungs decreases alveolar pressure so that air moves down a pressure gradient from the atmosphere into the lungs.

Inhalation

Modified respiratory movements (8) are used to express emotions and to clear the airways

coughing, sneezing, sighing, yawning, sobbing, crying, laughing, and hiccupping, .

measured directly by use of a spirometer

Lung Volumes

combination of different lung volumes

Lung capacities

apparatus used to measure volumes and capacities

Spirometer

record of lung volume and capacities

Spirogram

record of lung volume and capacities

Spirogram

inhalation

Upward Deflection

exhalation

Downward Deflection

A healthy adult averages __ breaths a minute moving about ____ of air into and out of the lungs.

12 breaths per min 500mL of air in and out of lungs

volume of one breath

Tidal Volume (VT)

In a typical adult, ___% of VT (___) reaches the respiratory zone while the other ___% (__mL) remains in the conducting airways in conducting zone

70%- 350mL reaches Respiratory Zone 30% - 150mL reaches Conducting zone

conducting airways with air that does not undergo respiratory exchange

Anatomic dead space

additional inhaled air (3100mL in average adult male and 1900mL in average adult female)

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

amount of extra air exhaled during forceful breath out (males: 1200mL; females: 700mL)

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

volume of exhaled air in 1 second with maximal effort following a maximal inhalationj

Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second (FEV1)

volume which cannot be measured by spirometry

Residual Volume (RV)

remaining air when residual volume are forced out

Minimal volume

combinations of specific lung volumes

L U N G C A P A C I T I E S

the sum of tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume (500 mL + 3100 mL = 3600 mL in males and 500 mL + 1900 mL = 2400 mL in females).

Inspiratory capacity (IC)

the sum of residual volume and expiratory reserve volume (1200 mL + 1200 mL = 2400 mL in males and 1100 mL + 700 mL = 1800 mL in females).

Functional residual capacity (FRC)-

the sum of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume (4800 mL in males and 3100 mL in females).

Vital capacity (VC)

the sum of vital capacity and residual volume (4800 mL + 1200 mL = 6000 mL in males and 3100 mL + 1100 mL = 4200 mL in females).

Total lung capacity (TLC)

the sum of vital capacity and residual volume (4800 mL + 1200 mL = 6000 mL in males and 3100 mL + 1100 mL = 4200 mL in females).

Total lung capacity (TLC)

the total volume of air inspired and expired each minute—is tidal volume multiplied by respiratory rate. In a typical adult at rest, minute ventilation is about 6000 mL/min. (V.= 12 breaths per minute × 500 mL = 6000 mL/min).

Minute ventilation (V.)

A lower-than-normal minute ventilation usually is a sign of

pulmonary malfunction.

TRUE OR FALSE Not all of inhaled air (500 mL) actually reaches the respiratory zone of the respiration system. The 150 mL in the conducting zone is the anatomic dead space. Hence, not all of the minute ventilation can be used in gas exchange because some of it remains in the anatomic dead space.

TRUE

The alveolar ventilation (VA) is the volume of air per minute that actually reaches the (mL)

Respiratory zone (350 mL).

the process of supplying the body with O2 and removing CO2

Respiration

branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the ears, nose, and throat (ENT)

Otorhinolaryngology

Oxygen Transport 1.5% of inhaled O2 is dissolved in____ 98.5% of the O2 is carried by

blood plasma hemoglobin (Hb)

Oxygen Transport ____ of inhaled O2 is dissolved in____ ____ of the O2 is carried by

1.5%- blood plasma 98.5%- hemoglobin

Carbon Dioxide 7% of the CO2 is dissolved in the ______ 23% of the CO2 is carried by ___ inside RBCs as ______ 70% of the CO2 is transported as ____ (HCO3)

-plasma -hemoglobin- inside rbcs as carbaminohemoglobin -bicarbonate ions

Carbon Dioxide ___ of the CO2 is dissolved in the ______ ____ of the CO2 is carried by ___ inside RBCs as ______ ____of the CO2 is transported as ____ (HCO3)

7% -plasma 23% -hemoglobin- inside rbcs as carbaminohemoglobin 70% -bicarbonate ions

Other Factors Affecting the Affinity of Hemoglobin for Oxygen (5)

1. Acidity (pH) 2Partial pressure of carbon dioxide 3Temperature 4BPG 5Type of Hb

allow conscious control of respiration that may be needed to avoid inhaling noxious gases or water

Cortical Influences

central and peripheral chemoreceptors monitor levels of O2 and CO2 and provide input to the respiratory center

Chemoreceptor

slight increase in PCO2 (and thus H+)

Hypercapnia

Stimulates central chemoreceptors

Hypercapnia

oxygen deficiency at the tissue level

Hypoxia

Caused by a low PO2 in arterial blood due to high altitude, airway obstruction or fluid in the lungs

Hypoxia

characterized by chronic airway inflammation, airway hypersensitivity to a variety of stimuli, and airway obstruction.

Asthma

caused by cigarette smoke and ionizing radiation and inhaled irritants, such as asbestos and radon gas.

Lung cancer

a rare form of cancer that affects the mesothelium (simple squamous epithelium) of a serous membrane.

Malignant mesothelioma

an acute infection or inflammation of the alveoli.

Pneumonia

most often affects the lungs and the pleurae but may involve other parts of the body caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB)

Tuberculosis is caused by what type of bacteria?

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces and alveoli of the lungs.

Pulmonary edema

an emerging infectious disease, that is, a disease that is new or changing.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)

characterized by destruction of the walls of the alveoli, producing abnormally large air spaces that remain filled with air during exhalation.

Emphysema

disorder characterized by excessive secretion of bronchial mucus accompanied by a productive cough (sputum is raised) that lasts for at least 3 months of the year for two successive years.

Chronic Bronchitis