Respiratory system Flashcards
What is the primary function of the respiratory system?
Provide O2 to the body’s cells and eliminate CO2 that the cells produce
What are the secondary functions of the respiratory system?
- Maintain normal acid-base balance
- regulation of the body temperature
- metabolic & endocrine functions
- defend against inhaled foreign matter
- blood reservoir
- Phonation and speech
What is defined as the entire sequence of events involved in the exchange of O2 and CO2 between the external environment and the cells of the body?
External respiration
define external respiration
the entire sequence of events involved in the exchange of O2 and CO2 between the external environment and the cells of the body
What are the 3 types of external respiration?
Pulmonary ventilation
gas exchange
gas transport
what is the inflow and outflow of air between atmosphere and the alveoli?
pulmonary ventilation
What is defined as the exchange of O@ and CO & between air in the alveoli and the blood, and between the blood and the tissues?
gas exchange
What is defined as the transport of O2 between the lungs and the tissues
gas transport
What is the intracellular metabolic processes carried out within the mitochondria, which uses O2 and produces CO2 during the derivation of energy from nutrient molecules?
internal and cellular resperation
What are the levels of respiratory levels? from where to where?
nose> pharynx> larynx> trachea> bronchi> bronchioles> terminal bronchioles> respiratory bronchioles> alveoli
The respiratory airways can be classified into what 2 zones?
conducting zone
respiratory zone
What is the boundary of the conducting zone?
nose to the terminal bronchioles
What is the function of the conducting zone in the respiratory system?
conduction of the air
(warm, humidify, filter)
What is the boundary of the respiratory zone?
respiratory bronchioles to alveoli
What is the function of the respiratory zone?
gas exchange
What is the outside or cover of the lungs made up of? from outer to inner
parietal pleural
pleural cavity
Visceral pleura
What is found in the thoracic cavity?
sternum
ribs
spinal column
intercostal muscles
What is the origin of the sympathetic nerve which affects the respiratory system?
vasomotor nuclei in the medulla
What is the distribution of the sympathetic nerve which affects the respiratory system called? or what is the nerve called?
sympathetic adrenergic nerve
Where is the ending of the sympathetic nerve that affects the respiratory system?
smooth muscle in bronchiole
What is the receptor for the sympathetic nerve affecting the respiratory system?
Beta-2 adrenergic receptor
What is the receptor of the sympathetic adrenergic nerve?
Beta-2 adrenergic receptor
What is the neurotransmitter of the sympathetic adrenergic nerve called?
Noradrenaline
What is the neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nerve of the respiratory system?
Noradrenaline
What is the effect of sympathetic stimulation of the respiratory system?
Bronchodilation
What is the origin of the parasympathetic nerve which affects the respiratory system?
Vagal nuclei in medulla
What is the distribution of the parasympathetic nerve which affects the respiratory system called? or what is the nerve called?
vagus nerve
Where is the ending of the sympathetic nerve that affects the respiratory system?
smooth muscles in bronchiole
What is the receptor for the parasympathetic nerve affecting the respiratory system?
muscarinic receptors
What is the receptor of the vagus nerve??
muscarinic receptors
What is the neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nerve of the respiratory system?
acetylcholine
What is the effect of parasympathetic stimulation of the respiratory system?
bronchoconstriction
How many phases are in the breathing cycle?
3
What are the 3 phases of the breathing cycle?
- rest or pause
- inspiration
- expiration
Describe the rest or pause phase of the breathing cycle in respiration.
the period between breaths
Describe the inspiration period of the breathing cycle in respiration.
the period of air flow into the lungs
Describe the expiration cycle of the breathing cycle in respiration.
the period of air flow out of the lungs
What is normal quiet breathing called?
eupnea
What is the increase in respiratory rate called?
tachypnea
What is the decrease in respiratory rate called?
Bradypnea
What is the increase in the depth of breathing called?
hyperpnea
What is the decrease in the depth of breathing called?
hypopnea
What is the increase in the rate and depth of breathing called?
hyperventilation
What is the decrease in the rate and depth of breathing called?
hypoventilation
What is the term for difficult or labored breathing (air hunger)
dyspnea
What is the term for a deep and prolonged inspiratory gasps?
Apneusis
What is the term for the absence of breathing called?
apnea
What is the main principle of air movement?
the pressure gradient
Air tends to move from a region of ____ pressure to a region of ____ pressure.
high to low
Air flows in and out of the lungs during the act of breathing by moving down alternately reversing ____________________ by cyclical respiratory muscle activity.
pressure gradients established between the alveoli and the atmosphere
What is the pressure of the atmosphere called?
Atmospheric or barometric pressure
At sea level, what is the atmospheric pressure?
760 mmHG
As a reference, the barometric pressure (P sub b) is said to be what number?
zero 0
What is the term for the pressure within the alveoli?
intra-alveolar or intrapulmonary pressure (P sub A)
At rest intra-alveolar pressure or intrapulmonary pressure is equal to how many mmHg?
0 mmHg or 0 cmH2O
What is the term for the pressure within the pleural cavity?
intrapleural or intrathoracic pressure (P sub pl)
At rest intra pleural or intrathoracic pressure is how many mmHg?
-2.5 mmHg or -5 cm of H2O
What is the term for the difference between intra-alveolar pressure and intrapleural pressure?
transmural or transpulmonary pressure (P sub tp)
What is the equation for finding transpulmonary pressure?
intra-alveolar pressure minus intra-pleural pressure
