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Physiology for nursing students > Respiratory system > Flashcards

Respiratory system Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the primary function of the respiratory system?

A

Provide O2 to the body’s cells and eliminate CO2 that the cells produce

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2
Q

What are the secondary functions of the respiratory system?

A
  1. Maintain normal acid-base balance
  2. regulation of the body temperature
  3. metabolic & endocrine functions
  4. defend against inhaled foreign matter
  5. blood reservoir
  6. Phonation and speech
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3
Q

What is defined as the entire sequence of events involved in the exchange of O2 and CO2 between the external environment and the cells of the body?

A

External respiration

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4
Q

define external respiration

A

the entire sequence of events involved in the exchange of O2 and CO2 between the external environment and the cells of the body

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5
Q

What are the 3 types of external respiration?

A

Pulmonary ventilation
gas exchange
gas transport

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6
Q

what is the inflow and outflow of air between atmosphere and the alveoli?

A

pulmonary ventilation

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7
Q

What is defined as the exchange of O@ and CO & between air in the alveoli and the blood, and between the blood and the tissues?

A

gas exchange

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8
Q

What is defined as the transport of O2 between the lungs and the tissues

A

gas transport

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9
Q

What is the intracellular metabolic processes carried out within the mitochondria, which uses O2 and produces CO2 during the derivation of energy from nutrient molecules?

A

internal and cellular resperation

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10
Q

What are the levels of respiratory levels? from where to where?

A

nose> pharynx> larynx> trachea> bronchi> bronchioles> terminal bronchioles> respiratory bronchioles> alveoli

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11
Q

The respiratory airways can be classified into what 2 zones?

A

conducting zone
respiratory zone

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12
Q

What is the boundary of the conducting zone?

A

nose to the terminal bronchioles

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13
Q

What is the function of the conducting zone in the respiratory system?

A

conduction of the air
(warm, humidify, filter)

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14
Q

What is the boundary of the respiratory zone?

A

respiratory bronchioles to alveoli

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15
Q

What is the function of the respiratory zone?

A

gas exchange

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16
Q

What is the outside or cover of the lungs made up of? from outer to inner

A

parietal pleural
pleural cavity
Visceral pleura

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17
Q

What is found in the thoracic cavity?

A

sternum
ribs
spinal column
intercostal muscles

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18
Q

What is the origin of the sympathetic nerve which affects the respiratory system?

A

vasomotor nuclei in the medulla

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19
Q

What is the distribution of the sympathetic nerve which affects the respiratory system called? or what is the nerve called?

A

sympathetic adrenergic nerve

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20
Q

Where is the ending of the sympathetic nerve that affects the respiratory system?

A

smooth muscle in bronchiole

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21
Q

What is the receptor for the sympathetic nerve affecting the respiratory system?

A

Beta-2 adrenergic receptor

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22
Q

What is the receptor of the sympathetic adrenergic nerve?

A

Beta-2 adrenergic receptor

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23
Q

What is the neurotransmitter of the sympathetic adrenergic nerve called?

A

Noradrenaline

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24
Q

What is the neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nerve of the respiratory system?

A

Noradrenaline

25
Q

What is the effect of sympathetic stimulation of the respiratory system?

A

Bronchodilation

26
Q

What is the origin of the parasympathetic nerve which affects the respiratory system?

A

Vagal nuclei in medulla

27
Q

What is the distribution of the parasympathetic nerve which affects the respiratory system called? or what is the nerve called?

A

vagus nerve

28
Q

Where is the ending of the sympathetic nerve that affects the respiratory system?

A

smooth muscles in bronchiole

29
Q

What is the receptor for the parasympathetic nerve affecting the respiratory system?

A

muscarinic receptors

30
Q

What is the receptor of the vagus nerve??

A

muscarinic receptors

31
Q

What is the neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nerve of the respiratory system?

A

acetylcholine

32
Q

What is the effect of parasympathetic stimulation of the respiratory system?

A

bronchoconstriction

33
Q

How many phases are in the breathing cycle?

A

3

34
Q

What are the 3 phases of the breathing cycle?

A
  1. rest or pause
  2. inspiration
  3. expiration
35
Q

Describe the rest or pause phase of the breathing cycle in respiration.

A

the period between breaths

36
Q

Describe the inspiration period of the breathing cycle in respiration.

A

the period of air flow into the lungs

37
Q

Describe the expiration cycle of the breathing cycle in respiration.

A

the period of air flow out of the lungs

38
Q

What is normal quiet breathing called?

A

eupnea

39
Q

What is the increase in respiratory rate called?

A

tachypnea

40
Q

What is the decrease in respiratory rate called?

A

Bradypnea

41
Q

What is the increase in the depth of breathing called?

A

hyperpnea

42
Q

What is the decrease in the depth of breathing called?

A

hypopnea

43
Q

What is the increase in the rate and depth of breathing called?

A

hyperventilation

44
Q

What is the decrease in the rate and depth of breathing called?

A

hypoventilation

45
Q

What is the term for difficult or labored breathing (air hunger)

A

dyspnea

46
Q

What is the term for a deep and prolonged inspiratory gasps?

A

Apneusis

47
Q

What is the term for the absence of breathing called?

A

apnea

48
Q

What is the main principle of air movement?

A

the pressure gradient

49
Q

Air tends to move from a region of ____ pressure to a region of ____ pressure.

A

high to low

50
Q

Air flows in and out of the lungs during the act of breathing by moving down alternately reversing ____________________ by cyclical respiratory muscle activity.

A

pressure gradients established between the alveoli and the atmosphere

51
Q

What is the pressure of the atmosphere called?

A

Atmospheric or barometric pressure

52
Q

At sea level, what is the atmospheric pressure?

A

760 mmHG

53
Q

As a reference, the barometric pressure (P sub b) is said to be what number?

A

zero 0

54
Q

What is the term for the pressure within the alveoli?

A

intra-alveolar or intrapulmonary pressure (P sub A)

55
Q

At rest intra-alveolar pressure or intrapulmonary pressure is equal to how many mmHg?

A

0 mmHg or 0 cmH2O

56
Q

What is the term for the pressure within the pleural cavity?

A

intrapleural or intrathoracic pressure (P sub pl)

57
Q

At rest intra pleural or intrathoracic pressure is how many mmHg?

A

-2.5 mmHg or -5 cm of H2O

58
Q

What is the term for the difference between intra-alveolar pressure and intrapleural pressure?

A

transmural or transpulmonary pressure (P sub tp)

59
Q

What is the equation for finding transpulmonary pressure?

A

intra-alveolar pressure minus intra-pleural pressure

Physiology for nursing students (2 decks)

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