Respiratory System Flashcards
1
Q
Primary function of respirstory system
A
- oxygen transport
- respiration
- ventilation
- Gas exchange
2
Q
Secondary function of respirstory system
A
- facilitates sense of smell
- produces speech
- maintains acid base balance
- maintains body water balance
- maingains heat balance
3
Q
Oxygen is supplied to, and carbon
dioxide is removed from, cells by way of
the circulating blood through the thin
walls of the capillaries.
A
Oxygen Transport
4
Q
process of gas exchange between
the atmospheric air and the blood and
between the blood and cells of the
body
A
Respiration
5
Q
Ventilation requires movement of the
walls of the thoracic cage and the
diaphragm. The effect of this movement is
alternately to increase and decrease the
capacity of the chest
A
Ventilation
6
Q
pulmonary ventilation
depends on the volume
changes within the
thoracic cavity
A
air pressures
variances
7
Q
2 phases of pulmonary
ventilation
A
- inspiration
- expiration
8
Q
Resistance is determined by the radius, or size of the airway
through which the air is flowing, as well as by lung volumes and
airflow velocity.
- as resistance increases, gas flow decreases
A
Airway Resistance
9
Q
Causes of increased airway resistance
A
- Contraction of bronchial smooth muscle—as in asthma
- Thickening of bronchial mucosa—as in chronic bronchitis
- Obstruction of the airway—by mucus, a tumor, or a foreign body
- Loss of lung elasticity—as in emphysema, which is characterized by
connective tissue encircling the airways, thereby keeping them open during
both inspiration and expiration
10
Q
The elasticity and distendibility of the lungs and thoracic cavity.
Decreased by facotrs that decrease the elasticity of the lungs, block the respiratory passageways or interfere with the movement of the rib cage.
A
Lung compliance
11
Q
Factors that determine lung compliance
A
- Surface tension of the alveoli
- Connective tissue and water content of the lungs
- Compliance of the thoracic cavity
12
Q
What is the normal compliance?
A
1 L/CM H2O
13
Q
What will happen to the lungs if thry lost theor elastic recoil and beckme overdistended?
A
Increased
14
Q
What will haopen to the lungs if the thorax became stiff?
A
Decreased
15
Q
Damaged alveoli and cause of shortness of breath
A
Ephysema
16
Q
Amount of air breathe during a quiet breathing
A
Tidal volume
17
Q
Amount of tidal volume
A
500 ml
18
Q
Amount of extra air inhaled beyond TV
A
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
19
Q
Amount of inspiratory reserve volume
A
2000-3000 ml
20
Q
Extra air that can be exhaled after a forced breath
A
Expiratory Reserve Volume
20
Q
Extra air that can be exhaled after a forced breath
A
Expiratory Reserve Volume
21
Q
Amount of Expiratory Reserve Volume
A
1200 ml
22
Q
Amount of air that cannot be forcefully expired
A
Residual Volume
23
Q
Amount of Residual Volume
A
1200 ml
24
Amount of air moved on deepest inspiration and expiration
Vital Capacity
25
Amount of vital capacity
3000-5000 ml
26
Maximum amount of air an individual can inspire after a normal expiration
Inspiratory Capacity
27
Amount of air that remains in the alveoli even if the lung has collapsed maybe because of trauma
Minimal Air
28
Rate of minimal air
40% of RV
29
Is the exchange of gases between capillaries and alveoli
Pulmonary diffusion
30
- Is the exchange of gases at tissue level
| - Actual blood flow through the pulmonary vasculature
Pulmonary Perfusion
31
Factors that determine patterns of perfusion
1, Pulmonary artery pressure
2. Gravity
3. Alveolar pressure
32
Air in and out of the lungs
V – ventilation
33
Blood circulating to that area of the lungs
Q – perfusion
34
Blood circulating to that area of the lungs
Q – perfusion
35
4 V/Q Ratio
1. Normal V/Q ratio = 1:1 ratio
2. Low – Ventilation – perfusion ratio: Shunt
3. High ventilation perfusion ratio: Dead space
4. Silent unit
36
The delivery of Oxygen from the lungs to the blood stream and elimination of CO2 ( blood to the lungs)
Gas exchange
37
Muscle of respiration
- muscles of the thoracic cage
| - diaphragm
38
Accessory Muscles
- scalene
- sternocleidomastoid
- trapezius
- pectoralis
- rectus abdominis
39
Elevate the 2 ribs
Scalene
40
Raise the sternum
Sternocleidomastoid
41
Fix the shoulders
Trapezius and pectoralis
42
Shortness of breath
Dyspnea
43
Way of responding when something irritates your throat or airways
Cough
44
Act of coughing up and spitting out the material produced in the respiratory tract.
Sputum Production
45
A pain in any area of your chest
Chest Pain
46
A high-pitched whistling sound made while breathing.
Wheezing
47
The spitting of blood derived from the lungs or bronchial tubes as a result of pulmonary or bronchial hemorrhage.
Hemoptysis
48
Purulent sputum (thick yellow, green or rust colored)
Bacterial
49
Whitish, mucoid, watery
Viral Infection
50
Gradual increase of sputum over time
| Lung tumor- pink-tinged, mucoid
Bronchitis, bronchiectasis
51
Pink-tinged, mucoid
Lung Tumor
52
Profuse, frothy, pinkish
Pulmonary edema
53
May be associated with pulmonary or cardiac disease, associated with pulmonary conditions- may be sharp, stabbing and intermittent or it may be dull, aching and persistent
Chest Pain
54
Associated with decreased ciliary function of the lungs, increased mucus production, and the development of lung cancer and chronic lung problems
Smoking hx
55
Ciliary action is slowed by alcohol which reduces mucus clearance from the lungs, heavy alcohol ingestion depresses the cough reflex and increased risk of aspiration
Alcohol
56
inhalation of marijuana, herbal substances and or chemicals may result in resp problems assoc with incidental or continuous irritation of the linings of the resp organs
Environmental Exposure
57
Inspection
- Color
- Spine and mobility and any structural deformity
- Symmetry of the posterior chest and posture and mobility of the thorax on respiration
- Note any bulges or retractions of the costal interspaces on respiratory movement
- Note the anteroposterior diameter in relation to the lateral diameter of the chest
58
Palpation
- Identify any areas of tenderness, masses and inflammation
- Palpate the ribs for symmetry, mobility and tenderness and the spine for tenderness and vertebral position
- Check for symmetric chest expansion
- Check the tactile fremitus
59
Percussion
- Percuss the entire lung fields
| - Assess diaphragmatic excursion
60
soft intensity, high pitch, short duration
| *bones, large pleural effusion
Flat
61
medium intensity, medium pitch and duration
| *liver, pneumonia, tumor, pleural effusion
Dull
62
loud intensity, low pitch, long duration
| *normal lung
Resonance
63
very loud, low pitch, longer duration
| *emphysema, pneumothorax
Hyperresonance
64
Auscultation
- Assess breath sounds
| - Assess voice sounds
65
fever, fear, exercise, resp insufficiency, pleuritic pain, alkalosis, pneumonia
Tachypnea
66
diabetic coma, drug-induced resp dep.,inc ICP
Brady
67
extreme exertion/fear, diabetic ketoacidosis (kussmaul's), hypoxia, salicylate overdose, hypoglycemia
Hyper
68
narcotic overdosage, anesthetic, prolonged bedrest, chest splinting
Hypo
69
deep breathing alternating with periods of apnea; regular pattern; normal in children and aging; heart failure, brain damage, drug induced resp dep
Cheyne
70
shallow, deep respirations with periods of apnea; irregular pattern; resp dep, brain damage (severe)
Biots
71
part of routine screening procedure, pulmonary disease is suspected, monitor status of resp disorder and abn, confirm ET and trach tube placement, establish baseline, determine location and size of lesions, location of swallowed/aspirated foreign bodies
CXR or chest radiography
72
performed when the Xray do not show some areas well such as pleura and mediastinum; also done to differentiate pathologic conditions (such as tumors, abscesses and aortic aneurysms) to identify pleural effusion and enlarged lymph nodes and to monitor treatement; images are shown in cross section
CT Scan
73
diagnoses alterations in lung tissue more difficult to visualize by CT Scan and to identify abn masses and fluid accumulation; assess for any metallic implants (pacemaker/ implants) -the test wont be performed if present. MRIs use a very strong magnetic field to create diagnostic images. Impants may distort the imaging, device can also malfunction or significantly heat up, potentially damaging the device and injuring the individual.
MRI or magnetic resonance imaging
74
positron emission tomography- noninvasive test when used to examine lungs; is performed to identify lung nodules (cancer); chest is given with a radioactive substance and cross sectional images are displayed on a computer
PET or positron emission tomography
75
Obtained by expectoration, tracheal suctioning or bronchoscopy
Sputum Collection
76
Pre-procedure Nursing Care of Sputum Collection
- Determine specific purpose
- Early morning sterile specimen
- Rinse mouth with water prior to collection
- Take several deep breaths and then cough forcefully
- Collect specimen before giving antibiotics
77
Post-procedure nursing care of sputum collection
- Transport specimen stat
| - Mouth care
78
A non-invasive test that registers arterial O2 Saturation (SaO2)
Pulse Oximetry
79
Normal Value of pulse oximetry
95%-100%
80
Procedure of Pulse Oximetry
- a sensor is placed: finger, toe, nose or earlobe
| - do not select an extremity with an impediment to blood flow
81
if the SaO2 is below 85%
hypo-oxygenation
82
if the SaO2 is below 70%
life threatening situation
| O2 Sat- 95-100
83
Visual examination of the larynx, trachea and bronchi with a bronchoscope
Bronchoscopy
84
Pre procedure of Bronchoscopy
- informed consent
- NPO prior
- assess coagulation studies
- remove dentures/ eyeglasses
- prepare suction
- sedatives as ordered
- have resuscitation equipment available
85
Post-procedure of Bronchoscopy
- vital signs
- high-fowler's position
- assess gag reflex
- monitor for bloody sputum
- monitor respiratory status
- monitor for complications: bronchospasm, bronchial perforation, crepitus, dysrhythmia, fever, hemorrhage, hypoxemia and pneumothorax
- notify MD if complications occur
86
Insertion of a fluoroscopy via the antecubital or femoral vein into the pulmonary artery
Pulmonary Angiography
87
Pre-procedure of pulmonary angiography
- NPO/ Vital Signs
- assess coagulation studies and renal system functioning
- establish an open line/ IV
- administer sedation
- client must lie still during the procedure
- urge to cough, flushing, nausea or a salty taste
- emergency equipment available
88
Post-procedure of pulmonary angiography
- vital signs/ no BP taking for 24 hours in the affected extremity
- monitor peripheral neurovascular status
- encourage increase oral fluid intake/ IVF
- assess for bleeding and dye reaction
89
Insertion of a hollow needle or similar instrument into the pleural cavity of the chest in order to drain pleural fluid, pus or air
Thoracentesis
90
Pre-procedure of Thoracentesis
- informed consent
- vital signs
- CXR or UTZ prior to the procedure
- NPO if patient will receive sedation, otherwise local anesthesia is given
- assess coagulation studies
- upright position
- do not cough, breathe deeply or move during the procedure
91
Post-procedure of Thoracentesis
- vital signs/ respiratory status
- pressure dressing
- assess site for bleeding and crepitus
- monitor for signs of complications
92
Indicated if CXR, CT-Scan or bronchoscopy have failed to identify the cause of pulmonary lesions
Lung Biopsy
93
Pre-procedure of lung biopsy
- informed consent
- NPO post NOC
- CXR and blood studies
- anesthetic
- pressure during insertion and aspiration
- analgesics and sedatives as ordered
- keep calm and quiet
94
Post-procedure of Lung Biopsy
- vital signs
- pressure dressing
- monitor for bleeding and respiratory distress
- monitor for complications
- CXR
95
Determines the patency of the pulmonary airways
Ventilation Perfusion Scan
96
Pre-procedure of Ventilation Perfusion Scan
- informed consent
- assess allergies to dye, iodine or seafood
- remove jewelries
- review breathing methods
- IV access
- administer sedation
- emergency resuscitation equipment
97
Post-procedure of Ventilation Perfusion Scan
- monitor reaction to radionuclide
- handle body secretions carefully
- wash hands carefully with soap and water
98
Normal pH value
7.35 - 7.45
99
PaO2 Value
80-100 mmHg
100
PaCO2 value
35-45 mmHg
101
HCO3 value
22-26 mEq/L
