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NCM112 - RESPIRATORY SYSTEM > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Primary function of respirstory system

A
  • oxygen transport
  • respiration
  • ventilation
  • Gas exchange
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2
Q

Secondary function of respirstory system

A
  • facilitates sense of smell
  • produces speech
  • maintains acid base balance
  • maintains body water balance
  • maingains heat balance
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3
Q

Oxygen is supplied to, and carbon
dioxide is removed from, cells by way of
the circulating blood through the thin
walls of the capillaries.

A

Oxygen Transport

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4
Q

process of gas exchange between
the atmospheric air and the blood and
between the blood and cells of the
body

A

Respiration

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5
Q

Ventilation requires movement of the
walls of the thoracic cage and the
diaphragm. The effect of this movement is
alternately to increase and decrease the
capacity of the chest

A

Ventilation

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6
Q

pulmonary ventilation
depends on the volume
changes within the
thoracic cavity

A

air pressures

variances

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7
Q

2 phases of pulmonary

ventilation

A
  • inspiration

- expiration

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8
Q

Resistance is determined by the radius, or size of the airway
through which the air is flowing, as well as by lung volumes and
airflow velocity.
- as resistance increases, gas flow decreases

A

Airway Resistance

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9
Q

Causes of increased airway resistance

A
  1. Contraction of bronchial smooth muscle—as in asthma
  2. Thickening of bronchial mucosa—as in chronic bronchitis
  3. Obstruction of the airway—by mucus, a tumor, or a foreign body
  4. Loss of lung elasticity—as in emphysema, which is characterized by
    connective tissue encircling the airways, thereby keeping them open during
    both inspiration and expiration
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10
Q

The elasticity and distendibility of the lungs and thoracic cavity.

Decreased by facotrs that decrease the elasticity of the lungs, block the respiratory passageways or interfere with the movement of the rib cage.

A

Lung compliance

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11
Q

Factors that determine lung compliance

A
  1. Surface tension of the alveoli
  2. Connective tissue and water content of the lungs
  3. Compliance of the thoracic cavity
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12
Q

What is the normal compliance?

A

1 L/CM H2O

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13
Q

What will happen to the lungs if thry lost theor elastic recoil and beckme overdistended?

A

Increased

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14
Q

What will haopen to the lungs if the thorax became stiff?

A

Decreased

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15
Q

Damaged alveoli and cause of shortness of breath

A

Ephysema

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16
Q

Amount of air breathe during a quiet breathing

A

Tidal volume

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17
Q

Amount of tidal volume

A

500 ml

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18
Q

Amount of extra air inhaled beyond TV

A

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

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19
Q

Amount of inspiratory reserve volume

A

2000-3000 ml

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20
Q

Extra air that can be exhaled after a forced breath

A

Expiratory Reserve Volume

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20
Q

Extra air that can be exhaled after a forced breath

A

Expiratory Reserve Volume

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21
Q

Amount of Expiratory Reserve Volume

A

1200 ml

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22
Q

Amount of air that cannot be forcefully expired

A

Residual Volume

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23
Q

Amount of Residual Volume

A

1200 ml

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24
Q

Amount of air moved on deepest inspiration and expiration

A

Vital Capacity

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25
Q

Amount of vital capacity

A

3000-5000 ml

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26
Q

Maximum amount of air an individual can inspire after a normal expiration

A

Inspiratory Capacity

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27
Q

Amount of air that remains in the alveoli even if the lung has collapsed maybe because of trauma

A

Minimal Air

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28
Q

Rate of minimal air

A

40% of RV

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29
Q

Is the exchange of gases between capillaries and alveoli

A

Pulmonary diffusion

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30
Q
  • Is the exchange of gases at tissue level

- Actual blood flow through the pulmonary vasculature

A

Pulmonary Perfusion

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31
Q

Factors that determine patterns of perfusion

A

1, Pulmonary artery pressure

  1. Gravity
  2. Alveolar pressure
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32
Q

Air in and out of the lungs

A

V – ventilation

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33
Q

Blood circulating to that area of the lungs

A

Q – perfusion

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34
Q

Blood circulating to that area of the lungs

A

Q – perfusion

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35
Q

4 V/Q Ratio

A
  1. Normal V/Q ratio = 1:1 ratio
  2. Low – Ventilation – perfusion ratio: Shunt
  3. High ventilation perfusion ratio: Dead space
  4. Silent unit
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36
Q

The delivery of Oxygen from the lungs to the blood stream and elimination of CO2 ( blood to the lungs)

A

Gas exchange

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37
Q

Muscle of respiration

A
  • muscles of the thoracic cage

- diaphragm

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38
Q

Accessory Muscles

A
  • scalene
  • sternocleidomastoid
  • trapezius
  • pectoralis
  • rectus abdominis
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39
Q

Elevate the 2 ribs

A

Scalene

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40
Q

Raise the sternum

A

Sternocleidomastoid

41
Q

Fix the shoulders

A

Trapezius and pectoralis

42
Q

Shortness of breath

A

Dyspnea

43
Q

Way of responding when something irritates your throat or airways

A

Cough

44
Q

Act of coughing up and spitting out the material produced in the respiratory tract.

A

Sputum Production

45
Q

A pain in any area of your chest

A

Chest Pain

46
Q

A high-pitched whistling sound made while breathing.

A

Wheezing

47
Q

The spitting of blood derived from the lungs or bronchialtubes as a result of pulmonary or bronchial hemorrhage.

A

Hemoptysis

48
Q

Purulent sputum (thick yellow, green or rust colored)

A

Bacterial

49
Q

Whitish, mucoid, watery

A

Viral Infection

50
Q

Gradual increase of sputum over time

Lung tumor- pink-tinged, mucoid

A

Bronchitis, bronchiectasis

51
Q

Pink-tinged, mucoid

A

Lung Tumor

52
Q

Profuse, frothy, pinkish

A

Pulmonary edema

53
Q

May be associated with pulmonary or cardiac disease, associated with pulmonary conditions- may be sharp, stabbing and intermittent or it may be dull, aching and persistent

A

Chest Pain

54
Q

Associated with decreased ciliary function of the lungs, increased mucus production, and the development of lung cancer and chronic lung problems

A

Smoking hx

55
Q

Ciliary action is slowed by alcohol which reduces mucus clearance from the lungs, heavy alcohol ingestion depresses the cough reflex and increased risk of aspiration

A

Alcohol

56
Q

inhalation of marijuana, herbal substances and or chemicals may result in resp problems assoc with incidental or continuous irritation of the linings of the resp organs

A

Environmental Exposure

57
Q

Inspection

A
  • Color
  • Spine and mobility and any structural deformity
  • Symmetry of the posterior chest and posture and mobility of the thorax on respiration
  • Note any bulges or retractions of the costal interspaces on respiratory movement
  • Note the anteroposterior diameter in relation to the lateral diameter of the chest
58
Q

Palpation

A
  • Identify any areas of tenderness, masses and inflammation
  • Palpate the ribs for symmetry, mobility and tenderness and the spine for tenderness and vertebral position
  • Check for symmetric chest expansion
  • Check the tactile fremitus
59
Q

Percussion

A
  • Percuss the entire lung fields

- Assess diaphragmatic excursion

60
Q

soft intensity, high pitch, short duration

*bones, large pleural effusion

A

Flat

61
Q

medium intensity, medium pitch and duration

*liver, pneumonia, tumor, pleural effusion

A

Dull

62
Q

loud intensity, low pitch, long duration

*normal lung

A

Resonance

63
Q

very loud, low pitch, longer duration

*emphysema, pneumothorax

A

Hyperresonance

64
Q

Auscultation

A
  • Assess breath sounds

- Assess voice sounds

65
Q

fever, fear, exercise, resp insufficiency, pleuritic pain, alkalosis, pneumonia

A

Tachypnea

66
Q

diabetic coma, drug-induced resp dep.,inc ICP

A

Brady

67
Q

extreme exertion/fear, diabetic ketoacidosis (kussmaul’s), hypoxia, salicylate overdose, hypoglycemia

A

Hyper

68
Q

narcotic overdosage, anesthetic, prolonged bedrest, chest splinting

A

Hypo

69
Q

deep breathing alternating with periods of apnea; regular pattern; normal in children and aging; heart failure, brain damage, drug induced resp dep

A

Cheyne

70
Q

shallow, deep respirations with periods of apnea; irregular pattern; resp dep, brain damage (severe)

A

Biots

71
Q

part of routine screening procedure, pulmonary disease is suspected, monitor status of resp disorder and abn, confirm ET and trach tube placement, establish baseline, determine location and size of lesions, location of swallowed/aspirated foreign bodies

A

CXR or chest radiography

72
Q

performed when the Xray do not show some areas well such as pleura and mediastinum; also done to differentiate pathologic conditions (such as tumors, abscesses and aortic aneurysms) to identify pleural effusion and enlarged lymph nodes and to monitor treatement; images are shown in cross section

A

CT Scan

73
Q

diagnoses alterations in lung tissue more difficult to visualize by CT Scan and to identify abn masses and fluid accumulation; assess for any metallic implants (pacemaker/ implants) -the test wont be performed if present. MRIs use a very strong magnetic field to create diagnostic images. Impants may distort the imaging, device can also malfunction or significantly heat up, potentially damaging the device and injuring the individual.

A

MRI or magnetic resonance imaging

74
Q

positron emission tomography- noninvasive test when used to examine lungs; is performed to identify lung nodules (cancer); chest is given with a radioactive substance and cross sectional images are displayed on a computer

A

PET or positron emission tomography

75
Q

Obtained by expectoration, tracheal suctioning or bronchoscopy

A

Sputum Collection

76
Q

Pre-procedure Nursing Care of Sputum Collection

A
  • Determine specific purpose
  • Early morning sterile specimen
  • Rinse mouth with water prior to collection
  • Take several deep breaths and then cough forcefully
  • Collect specimen before giving antibiotics
77
Q

Post-procedure nursing care of sputum collection

A
  • Transport specimen stat

- Mouth care

78
Q

A non-invasive test that registers arterial O2 Saturation (SaO2)

A

Pulse Oximetry

79
Q

Normal Value of pulse oximetry

A

95%-100%

80
Q

Procedure of Pulse Oximetry

A
  • a sensor is placed: finger, toe, nose or earlobe

- do not select an extremity with an impediment to blood flow

81
Q

if the SaO2 is below 85%

A

hypo-oxygenation

82
Q

if the SaO2 is below 70%

A

life threatening situation

O2 Sat- 95-100

83
Q

Visual examination of the larynx, trachea and bronchi with a bronchoscope

A

Bronchoscopy

84
Q

Pre procedure of Bronchoscopy

A
  • informed consent
  • NPO prior
  • assess coagulation studies
  • remove dentures/ eyeglasses
  • prepare suction
  • sedatives as ordered
  • have resuscitation equipment available
85
Q

Post-procedure of Bronchoscopy

A
  • vital signs
  • high-fowler’s position
  • assess gag reflex
  • monitor for bloody sputum
  • monitor respiratory status
  • monitor for complications: bronchospasm, bronchial perforation, crepitus, dysrhythmia, fever, hemorrhage, hypoxemia and pneumothorax
  • notify MD if complications occur
86
Q

Insertion of a fluoroscopy via the antecubital or femoral vein into the pulmonary artery

A

Pulmonary Angiography

87
Q

Pre-procedure of pulmonary angiography

A
  • NPO/ Vital Signs
  • assess coagulation studies and renal system functioning
  • establish an open line/ IV
  • administer sedation
  • client must lie still during the procedure
  • urge to cough, flushing, nausea or a salty taste
  • emergency equipment available
88
Q

Post-procedure of pulmonary angiography

A
  • vital signs/ no BP taking for 24 hours in the affected extremity
  • monitor peripheral neurovascular status
  • encourage increase oral fluid intake/ IVF
  • assess for bleeding and dye reaction
89
Q

Insertion of a hollow needle or similar instrument into the pleural cavity of the chest in order to drain pleural fluid, pus or air

A

Thoracentesis

90
Q

Pre-procedure of Thoracentesis

A
  • informed consent
  • vital signs
  • CXR or UTZ prior to the procedure
  • NPO if patient will receive sedation, otherwise local anesthesia is given
  • assess coagulation studies
  • upright position
  • do not cough, breathe deeply or move during the procedure
91
Q

Post-procedure of Thoracentesis

A
  • vital signs/ respiratory status
  • pressure dressing
  • assess site for bleeding and crepitus
  • monitor for signs of complications
92
Q

Indicated if CXR, CT-Scan or bronchoscopy have failed to identify the cause of pulmonary lesions

A

Lung Biopsy

93
Q

Pre-procedure of lung biopsy

A
  • informed consent
  • NPO post NOC
  • CXR and blood studies
  • anesthetic
  • pressure during insertion and aspiration
  • analgesics and sedatives as ordered
  • keep calm and quiet
94
Q

Post-procedure of Lung Biopsy

A
  • vital signs
  • pressure dressing
  • monitor for bleeding and respiratory distress
  • monitor for complications
  • CXR
95
Q

Determines the patency of the pulmonary airways

A

Ventilation Perfusion Scan

96
Q

Pre-procedure of Ventilation Perfusion Scan

A
  • informed consent
  • assess allergies to dye, iodine or seafood
  • remove jewelries
  • review breathing methods
  • IV access
  • administer sedation
  • emergency resuscitation equipment
97
Q

Post-procedure of Ventilation Perfusion Scan

A
  • monitor reaction to radionuclide
  • handle body secretions carefully
  • wash hands carefully with soap and water
98
Q

Normal pH value

A

7.35 - 7.45

99
Q

PaO2 Value

A

80-100 mmHg

100
Q

PaCO2 value

A

35-45 mmHg

101
Q

HCO3 value

A

22-26 mEq/L

NCM112 - RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (1 decks)

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