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Bioscience > Respiratory system > Flashcards

Respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

Systems purpose:

A

Gas exchange, oxygen needed for cellular respiration to produce energy in the mitochondria (produces CO2)

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2
Q

Inhalation

A

diaphragm contracts pulling downward, allowing lungs to expand and draw in oxygen

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3
Q

Exhalation

A

diaphragm relaxes, lungs return to normal shape & CO2 rich air is expelled

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4
Q

Conducting zone

A
  • Upper airway structures (nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and most bronchioles)
  • Continuous passage for air to move in & out
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5
Q

Nasal cavity

A
  • Inhaled gas enters body through nasal cavity
  • Contains: mucous (with lysosomes) & hair to trap inhaled particles
  • 4 sinuses (air filled spaces) allow air circulation to warm & moisten air
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6
Q

Pharynx

A
  • Nasopharynx (from nose)
  • Oropharynx (from mouth)
  • Laryngopharynx (to larynx)
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7
Q

Larynx

A
  • Inhaled breath meets fork in the road (oesophagus or trachea)
  • Trachea is protected by Cartlidge structure called epiglottis, acts like a toilet lid, with the help of muscle and connective tissue protect the trachea and vocal chords when we swallow
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8
Q

Trachea

A
  • Windpipe
  • 20 C-shaped rings of tough cartilidge, lined with smooth muscle containing nerves to the autonomic nervous system
  • Can dilatate (sympathetic) or restrict (parasympathetic) based on input from the nervous system
  • Splits into right (wider & more vertical than left) and left primary bronchi (lined with cells:
    • Mucous secreting cells which trap particles and move them up the mucociliary escalator
  • Bronchi branch off forming bronchiole tree
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9
Q

Physiological changes traveling down the bronchiole tree

A
  • As it branches off cartilage decreases and disappears by bronchioles
  • Epithelium also changes down the branches;
    Pseudostratified -> columnar -> cuboidal
  • Smooth muscle gradually increases & forms a complete layer in the bronchioles which are primarily muscle and tissue
  • Last part of the conducting zone terminal bronchi
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10
Q

Respiratory zone

A
  • Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs

- Main site of gas exchange

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11
Q

Alveolar walls

A
  • no cilia, smooth muscle, cartlidge, primarily pneumocytes
  • Type I cells and type II cells
  • Alveoli macrophages clear any remaining pathogens before air enters bloodstream
  • Alveoli and capillary walls & their fused basement membranes
  • Gas exchange occurs
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12
Q

Type I cells

A
  • Simple squamous epithelium

- gas exchange

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13
Q

Type II cells

A
  • Scattered cuboidal epithelium

- secrete surfactant (lowers surface tension preventing collapse) & antimicrobial proteins

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14
Q

Inhalation pathway

A

Inhaled air passes through –> nasal cavity –> pharynx –> larynx –> trachea –> primary bronchus
–> bronchioles –> respiratory bronchioles –> respiratory bronchioles –> alveoli –> respiratory membrane –> capillaries

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15
Q

Exhalation pathway

A

Inhaled air passes through

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16
Q

Process of respiration (respiratory system)

A
  • Pulmonary ventilation (breathing) - movement of air in and out
  • External respiration, O2 & CO2 exchange between blood and lungs
17
Q

Process of respiration (cardiovascular system)

A
  • Transport O2 and CO2 in blood

- Internal respiration, CO2 & O2 exchange between systemic blood vessels and tissues

18
Q

Boyles law

A
  • Pressure is inversely proportional to volume
  • Pressure or volume changing impacts the other
  • Decreased volume = increases pressure and other way around
19
Q

Ventilation

A
  • Cyclic movement
  • Gas into and out of lungs caused by change in volume facilitated by skeletal muscle contraction
  • Leads to change in pressure causing flow of gasses
  • In inhalation the lungs expand due to diaphragm contraction decreasing pressure in the lungs making air flow in
  • Opposite in exhalation
  • Air flows in and out dependant on concentration gradient creating a ventilation cycle
    At rest –> inhalation –> exhalation –> repeat
20
Q

Muscles involved

A

Diaphragm, external intercostals, internal intercostals & some abdominals

21
Q

Gas exchange (in alveoli and capillary)

A
  • Uses concentration gradient until equilibrium
  • CO2 out O2 in
  • The body manipulates these principles to achieve respiration
22
Q

What is gas exchange affected by

A
  • Effected by: surface area, thickness of respiratory membrane & solubility of gasses
23
Q

Respiratory volume

A

The volume of gas in the lungs at any given time during the respiratory cycle

24
Q

Lung capacity

A

The volume of air in the lungs on maximum effort of inspiration (average = 6L)

25
Q

Tidal volume (TV)

A

The volume of air inspired/expired in a breath

26
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

A

The volume of air that can be forcefully inspired after a normal tidal inspiration (add on air)

27
Q

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

A

The volume of air that can be forcefully expired after a normal tidal expiration (add on air)

28
Q

Residual volume (RV)

A

The volume of air remaining after a forceful expiration

29
Q

Inspiratory capacity (IC)

A

The volume that can be inspired after a normal expiration IC = TV + IRV

30
Q

Functional residual capacity (FRC)

A

The volume of air remaining after a normal expiration FRC = RV + ERV

31
Q

Vital capacity (VC)

A

The volume of air that can be moved in/out in a single breath VC = TV + IRV + ERV

32
Q

Total lung capacity (TLC)

A

Total amount of air in lungs TLC = TV + IRV + ERV + RV

33
Q

Compliance

A
  • Used to measure the ability of the lungs to expand
  • If easy to inflate something then compliance is high
  • If hard to inflate something then compliance is low
  • Compliance = lung volume/pressure
34
Q

Elasticity

A
  • The resistance to the lungs expanding
  • The reciprocal of compliance
  • If compliance is low, elastic recoil is high, meaning the lungs are stiffer & there is greater tendency of lung collapse
  • Elasticity = 1/compliance = pressure/lung volume
35
Q

Factors influencing compliance

A
  • Elastic recoil of lung tissue
    • Elastin fibres making up the pulmonary interstitium (region between alveoli) return lung to original length after expansion
    • 1/4 to 1/3 of elastic recoil
  • Surface tension of the air alveolar interface
    - Inner surface of alveoli are covered in fluid exerting a force inwards
    - To prevent the alveoli from collapsing there in a transpulmonary pressure (reduced by surfactant)
36
Q

Surfactant

A
  • Pulmonary surfactant is 90% phospholipid & 10% protein
  • Reduces surface tension at air liquid interface
  • Produced by alveolar type II cells
  • Reduces pressure required to keep alveoli expanded - increases compliance
  • Decreases work required by respiratory muscles

Bioscience (2 decks)

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