Respiratory System Flashcards
Function of Respiratory system
Interchange of gases between atmosphere and the cells of the body
what does the resp. System consist of?
RESPIRATION AND VENTILATION
What are the types of respiration?
EXTERNAL and INTERNAL
What are the types of VENTILATION?
Inspiration and Expiration
FUNCTION OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
>GAS EXCHANGE >ACID BASE BALANCE >RESPIRATORY HEAT LOSS >PULMONARY METABOLISM (Conversion of substances that pass through the pulmonary blood vessels) >FACILITATES VENOUS RETURN TO HEART >SOUND PRODUCTION >SITE OF OLFACTORY SENSATION
ANATOMY OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
NOSE-PHARYNX-LARYNX-TRACHEA-BRONCHI-BRONXHIOLES-ALVEOLI
UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT
PARTS OF NOSE & FUNCTION
EXTERNAL NOSE-NASAL CAVITY
PASSAGE OF AIR-FILTRATION & CLEANS AIR-HUMIDIFICATION-SMELL-ACT AS RESONATING CHAMBERS (SPEECH)
PHARYNX & ANATOMY
Common opening for both digestive and respiratory system
NASOPHARYNX-OROPHARYNX-LARYNGOPHARYNX
LARYNX & FUNCTIONS
Air passage way between pharynx and the trachea
Epiglottis prevents food/liquid from entering the Larynx and into the ESOPHAGUS
Vocal cords are situated there=primary source of sound production
TRACHEA ANATOMY & FUNCTIONS
Flexible tube extending from Larynx to primary Bronchi
Air transportation to and from the lungs
MUCOSA= produced by ciliated epithelium with mucus-producing GOBLET CELLS
LUNGS &PROPERTIES
COMPLIANCE & ELASTICITY
COMPL=Distensibility and Expansibility of lungs +thoracic wall
>THORACIC COMPLIANCE= decreased by factors that produce resistance to distention
ELAST= Tendency for lungs to return for initial size after distention
LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT
ZONES/FUNCTIONS
CONDUCTING ZONE= Bronchi-Bronchioles-Terminal Bronchioles
RESPIRATORY ZONE= Resp.Bronchioles-Alveolar ducts- Alveolar Sacs
(gas exchange site)
ALVEOLI+RESPIRATORY MEMBRANE/FUNCTIONS
> Functional units of the lungs
ALVEOLAR TYPE I CELLS=form most cell.wall+squamous epithelium
ALVEOLAR TYPE II CELLS= secrete surfactant
ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES=phagocytes (take care of pathogens+ foreign material)
SURFACTANT FUNCTION
Reduces surface tension within the Alveoli
>IMPORTANT AT BIRTH= prevents lung collapse
>Causes RDS in premature babies
MECHANICS OF RESPIRATION
1) Rest
2) INSPIRATION
3) EXPIRATION
OXYGENATION=GAS EXCHANGE
Parts and functions
BREATHING-> PONS (Largest part of brainstem-connects cerebrum to cerebellum)
MEDULLA OBLANGATA (Lower part of brainstem, AUTONOMIC FUNCTIONS such as contraction and relaxation of diaphragm- measure of Blood pH {low+High CO2-High+ Low CO2)
What is in control of CHEMICAL CONTROL OF RESPIRATION?
1) CENTRAL CHEMORECEPTORS=(Medulla oblongata =sensitive to change in C02+ H)
2) PERIPHERAL CHEMORECEPTORS=(Carotid + Aortic bodies detect changes to 02-stimulated by low 02)
REGULATION OF BREATHING
> Receptors in Medulla Oblongata detect changes in Co2+ H
Aortic Arch(Receptors) stimulated by Low 02 and sends signal to breathe more to stabilise levels)
Higher centres in Cortex can exert conscious control over respiration
GAS EXCHANGE (pressure)
From areas of High pressure to areas of low pressure
BLOOD SUPPLY
> LUNGS– ARTERY=DEOXYGENATED VEIN= OXYGENATED
>BODY– ARTERY= OXYGENATED VEIN= DEOXYGENATED
DIFFUSION OF GASES
FROM HIGH TO LOW CONCENTRATION
OXYGEN TRANSPORT
Dissolved in Plasma=1.5%
Combined with Haemoglobin= 98.5%
TRANSPORT OF CO2
Dissolved In Plasma 10%
Carbominohaemoglobin =20%
Bicarbonate Ions=70% (HCO3-)
CO2 is transported when recombined
FORMULA OF CO2 TRANSPORTATION
CO2+H20=H2CO3=H+HCO3-
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Conversion of fuel into energy + nutrients within the Mitochondria + Cytosol of cells
TYPES OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION
AEROBIC=with o2 with product of co2, water and ATP
ANAEROBIC= WITHOUT O2-usueful for higher energy demands- product lactic acid
PLACENTAL RESPIRATORY GAS EXCHANGE
Network of capillaries exchange O2 and Co2 with maternal blood that carries gases to and from mother’s lungs
FETAL CIRCULATION
ARTERIES=DEOXYGENATED BLOOD
VEINS= OXYGENATED
WHAT HAPPENS AT BIRTH?
^ CO2 in foetal blood stimulates breathing control centres to initiate breathing
ACID-BASE BALANCE
H+ CONCENTRATION AFFECTS ACIDITY OF BLOOD
EXPLAIN ACIDOSIS AND ALKALOSIS
ACIDOSIS=^NUMBER OF H+
ALKALOSIS= LOW NUMBER OF H+
HOMEOSTASIS (ACID -BASE BALANCE)
pH is highly controlled <6.8 or >8 = death
WHAT ARE ACIDS?
Substances that can donate H+
E.G lactic acid or carbonic acid
WHAT ARE BASES?
Substances that can be proton (H+) acceptors
E.G BICARBONATE
WHAT IS A BUFFER?
Substance that resists a change in pH
WHAT IS A BUFFER CAPACITY?
Ability to resist a change in pH
REGULATION OF BLOOD PH
3 MAIN SYSTEMS THAT REGULATE H+ CONCENTRATION
> BUFFER SYSTEM
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
RENAL MECHANISM
HOW DOES BUFFER SYSTEM WORK?
1ST line of defence against pH changes
Rapid response
Tissue fluid + cells= immediately combine with acid or base to prevent excessive changes in pH
Doesn’t destroy or create H+ but keep them tied up until balance is restored
TYPES OF BUFFER SYSTEM
> Bicarbonate buffer system (extracellular fluid)
Phosphate buffer system (Intracellular fluid)
Protein Buffer (Both)
DESCRIBE BICARBONATE BUFFER SYSTEM
> Most important
Constitutes of Sodium bicarbonate and Carbonic acid
Carbonic acid dissociates into H+ and Bicarbonate Ions
H+ generated by metabolism or ingestion react with Bicarbonate base to form more Carbonic acid
Normal levels= Bicarbonate : Carbonic acid (20:1)
CONCENTRATION OF BLOOD= regulated by kidneys (bicarbonate) and Respiratory system (carbonic acid)
DESCRIBE PROTEIN BUFFER
Haemoglobin(protein) buffer in RBC
>Helps transport metabolically produced CO2 from cells to lunges for excretion
HOW DOES RESPIRATORY MECHANISM WORK?
> 2nd line of defence
Regulates concentration of carbonic acid by the lungs
Respiratory centre removal and retention of CO2 and then Carbonic acid from extracellular fluid by the lungs.
Maintain one component of BICARBONATE BUFFER
^CO2 + h+ = Respiratory centre stimulation= ^RR
–> only effective for 1-2 mins
HOW DOES RENAL SYSTEM WORK?
> AIM to provide PERMANENT SOLUTION to acid-base disturbances
>ACHIEVED= Excretion of H+, Reabsorption of Bicarbonate, excretion of titratable acid and ammonium Ions.
DISORDERS OF ACID BASE BALANCE
ACIDOSIS AND ALKALOSIS
