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grade 11 bio > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Why is gas exchange necessary?

A

Cells in our body use oxygen to make energy (ATP). This process is known as cellular respiration.
ATP= adenosine triphosphate
Cellular Respiration: C6H12O6 + O2 = H2O + CO2 + ATP (energy)

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2
Q

What are the functions of the Respiratory System? (4 functions)

A
  1. Exchange oxygen with carbon dioxide (O2 is needed to convert food into energy)
  2. Defend the body against invasion by microorganisms
  3. Produce Sound
  4. Assist in control of blood pH (levels of CO2 in blood can change the pH of blood: increase of CO2 lowers the pH, acidosis= pH of blood is too acidic)
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3
Q

Tracking the Path of Air

6 + the 4 that air does not travel thru

A
  1. Oral/Nasal Cavity
  2. Pharynx
  3. Trachea
  4. Bronchi
  5. Bronchioles
  6. Alveoli
    * *rib cage, diaphragm, lungs and pleura**
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4
Q

What is the Nasal Cavity and what is it lined with?

A

nasal cavity= a hollow passageway that is lined with hair, cilia, mucus producing cells and capillaries

hairs- filter larger dust particles
mucus- traps dust particles and moistens air
cilia- sweep mucus with dust particles towards pharynx
capillaries- blood in the capillaries warms up air

  • rupture of the capillaries is what causes nosebleed
  • capillaries= more sensitive when its colder/drier and can rupture more easily when its colder/drier
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5
Q

What is the function of the Pharynx?

A

pharynx=the throat
Takes air from nose to the trachea and food from the mouth to the esophagus.

body’s immune defences (lymph tissue)=found in the pharynx–tonsils, adenoids

the soft palate and uvula help prevent food from going into nasal cavity

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6
Q

What is the epiglottis/what does it do?

A

The epiglottis= a flap that covers the trachea when you swallow. It prevents food from entering the trachea when eating.

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7
Q

What is the Larynx/what does it do?

A

Larynx=voice box
made of thin cartilage

The larynx contains the vocal cords which vibrate when air moves down the trachea causing them to produce sound.

Rapid growth of the larynx in boys during puberty changes their voice

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8
Q

What is the trachea/what does it do/structure of the trachea?

A

trachea=windpipe
It is a rigid tube of thin cartilage that allows air to pass from the pharynx to the bronchi

the trachea is lined with cilia that move foreign particles up/out
it has cartilage rings that provide structure so the trachea does not collapse

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9
Q

What are the lungs/what are they made up of/what do they consist of?

A

the lungs= spongy air filled sacs.
They are made up of:
Bronchi/Bronchioles/Alveoli=part of lungs

Lungs consist of lobes:
Right lung (3 lobes)= superior/upper lobe, middle lobe, inferior/lower lobe
Left lung (2 lobes)= superior/upper lobe, inferior/lower lobe
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10
Q

Bronchi/Bronchioles-structure/function

A

The trachea divides into 2 bronchi that lead to each lung
Bronchi are lined with cilia that beat upwards

Bronchi divide into even smaller bronchioles. Bronchioles lead to air sacs called alveoli. Bronchioles conduct air to the alveoli

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11
Q

Alveoli- what are they/structure/function

A

Alveoli=air sacs
around 500million alveoli per lung
alveoli allow gas exchange (oxygen diffuses into bloodstream and CO2 diffuses out)
to assist in diffusion alveoli membrane must be moist

walls of alveoli= 1 cell thick to allow for gas to diffuse quickly
alveoli=surrounded by capillaries (tiny blood vessels)

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12
Q

What happens to the alveoli if someone smokes?

A

If someone smokes their alveoli are not moist and their alveoli become dry/brittle and can easily break.
This causes for the lungs to not be as efficient at exchanging the 2 gases.

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13
Q

Explain gas exchange

A

Gas exchange in the lungs occurs by diffusion.
CO2 will follow its concentration gradient into the alveolus.
Oxygen will follow its concentration gradient into the capillaries.
Diffusion= movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

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14
Q

Gas Exchange: What happens to CO2?

A

During gas exchange CO2 follows its concentration gradient into the alveolus.
75% of CO2 = transported in RBC (red blood cells)
25% of CO2 = transported in plasma

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15
Q

Gas Exchange: What happens to oxygen?

A

During gas exchange O2 follows its concentration gradient into the capillary.
When in the capillary:
98.5% of O2 attaches to Hb (hemoglobin) molecule within RBCs (red blood cells)
1.5% of O2 dissolves in plasma

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16
Q

Composition of Whole Blood

A

Densest part of blood= red blood cells (on bottom)
Middle density= white blood cells (in middle-not as dense as RBCs/more dense then plasma)
Least dense= plasma (on bottom)

17
Q

What is the Pleura/what does it do?

A

pleura= 2 layered membrane with fluid that lubricates between them/”hugs” our lungs

Allows lungs to move freely in chest cavity
Creates a seal around the lungs to isolate them from the chest cavity

18
Q

What is the diaphragm/what does it do?

A

diaphragm= thin layer of muscle located at the bottom of ribcage
moves up/down to change volume of ribcage

19
Q

What are the stages of respiration? (4 stages)

A
  1. Ventilation/breathing- involves inhalation/exhalation thru lungs
  2. External Respiration- exchange of gases between alveoli/blood
  3. Internal Respiration- exchange of gases between blood/individual cells-oxygen diffuses out/CO2 diffuses in
  4. Cellular Respiration- in the mitochondria where O2 is used to make ATP
20
Q

What are examples of some non respiratory air movements/explain them(4 examples)

A

COUGH- acts to clear the lower respiratory tract. The epiglottis suddenly opens and air rushes upwards through the oral cavity. Can help get rid of harmful substances from body.

SNEEZE- acts to clear the upper respiratory tracy. Oral cavity is closed off from pharynx and air is expelled thru nasal cavity.

HICCUPS- results from spasms in the diaphragm causing sudden inspirations. The sound of a hiccups happens when air hits vocal cords.

YAWN-very deep inspirations taken with jaws wide open. Cause is not known for sure. Believed to increase oxygen levels in blood or be social (yawning when seeing another person yawn).

21
Q

What are the requirements for gas exchange? (4 requirements)

A
  1. Respiratory surfaces must be moist
  2. A difference in the partial pressure of the gases on either side of the respiratory surface
    3.Respiratory surfaces must have a large surface area
  3. ## A circulatory system should be connected to the respiratory surface.Requirements with explanations:

1.RESPIRATORY SURFACES MUST BE MOIST
water organisms have no problem keeping wet (live in water), air breathing organisms secrete a liquid over their respiratory surface and have internalized lungs to prevent dehydration.

  1. A DIFFERENCE IN THE PARTIAL PRESSURE OF THE GASES ON EITHER SIDE OF THE RESPIRATORY SURFACE
    ex: a lot of oxygen particles on one side= high partial pressure on that side, not a lot of oxygen particles on the other side= low partial pressure on that side

3.RESPIRATORY SURFACES MUST HAVE A LARGE SURFACE AREA
this is accomplished by folding the respiratory surface multiple times as seen with gills and alveoli.

4.A CIRCULATORY SYSTEM SHOULD BE CONNECTED TO THE RESPIRATORY SURFACE
in lungs capillaries wrap around the alveoli
certain vessels carry deoxygenated blood to alveoli
certain vessels carry oxygenated blood away from alveoli

22
Q

(RESPIRATORY SYSTEM DISORDERS)

Tonsillitis- causes/symtoms/treatment

A

caused by a bacterial or viral infection of the tonsils

symptoms: red/swollen tonsils, sore throat, fever, swollen glands
treatment: tonsils can be removed surgically

23
Q

(RESPIRATORY SYSTEM DISORDERS)

Laryngitis- causes/treatments

A

caused by: virus, overstrain by voice

treatments: rest, drink fluids, avoid use of larynx (avoid talking as much)

24
Q

(RESPIRATORY SYSTEM DISORDERS)

Bronchitis-causes/treatments

A

bronchitis=inflammation of the bronchi

causes: virus, smoking, air pollution
treatments: rest, drink fluids, cough medicine, quit smoking

**chronic bronchitis can lead to COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)

25
Q

(RESPIRATORY SYSTEM DISORDERS)

Asthma-causes/treatments

A

Asthma= inflammation of bronchi/bronchioles

causes: pollen, dust, smoke, viruses, some people are born with a predisposition to the disease
treatments: anti-inflammatories, bronchodilators

26
Q

(RESPIRATORY SYSTEM DISORDERS)

Pneumonia-causes/treatments

A

Lobular Pneumonia- affects one lobe of lungs
Bronchial Pneumonia- affects patches of both lungs in areas of bronchi/bronchioles

causes: inflammation/fluid build up in alveoli, bacterial infection, viruses
treatments: antibiotics, antivirals, vaccines

27
Q

(RESPIRATORY SYSTEM DISORDERS)

Emphysema-causes/treatments

A

walls of alveoli lose elasticity which reduces respiratory surface for gas exchange

causes: smoking, airborne irritants
treatments: antibiotics, antivirals vaccines

28
Q

(RESPIRATORY SYSTEM DISORDERS)

Cystic Fibrosis-causes/treatments

A

cells lining in the airways release a mucus that clogs the lungs

causes: genetic
treatments: mucus-thinning medications, antibiotics, no cure

29
Q

(RESPIRATORY SYSTEM DISORDERS)

Lung Cancer-causes/symptoms/treatments

A

uncontrolled cell division, carcinoma (tumour) can break away and form elsewhere (metastasis)

causes: smoking
symptoms: persistent cough, difficulty breathing, chest pain
treatments: radiation, chemotherapy, laser surgery

grade 11 bio (2 decks)

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