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physiology BMS162 > respiratory system 1 > Flashcards

respiratory system 1 Flashcards

1
Q

functions of the respiratory system

A

Gas Exchange: O2 and CO2

Regulation of blood pH: Altered by changing blood carbon dioxide levels

Production of chemical mediators: ACE

Voice production: Movement of air past vocal folds makes sound and speech

Olfaction: Smell occurs when airborne molecules are drawn into nasal cavity

Protection: Against microorganisms by preventing entry and removing them from respiratory surfaces

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2
Q

functions of the nasal cavity

A 
Passageway for air
Cleans air
Humidifies, warms air
Smell
Along with paranasal sinuses are resonating chambers for speech
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3
Q

what are the three regions of the pharynx

A
  1. Nasopharynx: pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells. Mucous and debris is swallowed. Openings of auditory tubes. Floor is soft palate, uvula is posterior extension of the soft palate.
  2. Oropharynx: shared with digestive system. Lined with moist stratified squamous epithelium.
  3. Laryngopharynx: epiglottis to esophagus. Lined with moist stratified squamous epithelium
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4
Q

functions of the larynx

A
  1. maintain an open passageway for air movement: thyroid and cricoid cartilages
  2. epiglottis and vestibular folds prevent swallowed material from moving into larynx.
  3. Vocal folds are the primary source of sound production. The greater the amplitude of vibration, the louder the sound. The frequency of vibration determines pitch.
    • Arytenoid cartilages and skeletal muscles determine length of vocal folds and also abduct the folds when not speaking to pull them out of the way making glottis larger.
  4. The pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium traps debris, preventing their entry into the lower respiratory tract.
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5
Q

what are the two functional parts of the respiratory system

A

CONDUCTING SYSTEM
Why can you breath air in through your mouth or nose?

Even though you can breath air in through your mouth, food is usually prevented from entering your lungs. How is this prevented?

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Tissues where gas exchange occurs

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6
Q

describe the tracheobroncial tree

A

trachea divides into primary bronchi

primary bronchi divide into secondary bronchi which divide into tertiarty bronchi

bronchopulmonary segments;

tertiary bronchi divide into smaller bronchi, then into bronchioles, then finally into terminal bronchioles.

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7
Q

define bronchodilation

A

smooth muscle in the airway walls of small bronchi and bronchioles can regulate airflow

if the smooth muscle relaxes this will increase the diameter of the airways - bronchodilation.

E.g. During exercise the airways usually dilate, to decrease resistance and increase airflow

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8
Q

define bronchoconstriction

A

Smooth muscle in the airway walls of small bronchi and bronchioles can regulate airflow

If the smooth muscle contracts it can decrease the diameter of the airways - bronchoconstriction

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9
Q

what are the factors that affect bronchoconstriction/ dilation

A
  • ANS
    • Parasympathetic NS stimulates bronchoconstriction
    • Sympathetic NS stimulates bronchodilation
  • Hormones (adrenaline/noradrenaline)
  • Metabolites (CO2)
  • Inflammatory chemicals (histamine)
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10
Q

explain and describe the physiological concept of asthma

A

Repeated periods of abnormal bronchoconstriction in the bronchi & bronchioles
Lungs have become hyperreactive & bronchoconstriction occurs in response to stimuli that wouldn’t normally cause bronchoconstriction
Bronchoconstriction during an asthma attack can dramatically decrease pulmonary ventilation
Usually involves chronic inflammation in the lungs
Symptoms include rapid, shallow breathing, wheezing, coughing, & shortness of breath

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11
Q

what is the respiratory zone

A

respiratory zone - sites for gas exchange

Respiratory bronchioles branch from terminal bronchioles.

Respiratory bronchioles have very few alveoli. Give rise to alveolar ducts which have more alveoli. Alveolar ducts end as alveolar sacs that have 2 or 3 alveoli at their terminus.

No cilia, but debris removed by macrophages.

Macrophages then move into nearby lymphatics or into terminal bronchioles

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12
Q

what are the three types of cells in the respiratory membrane

A
  1. type I pheumocytes:
    Thin squamous epithelial cells, form 90% of surface of alveolus.
    Function: Gas exchange.
  2. type II pneumocytes:
    Round to cube-shaped secretory cells.
    Function: Produce surfactant (to be discussed later)
  3. Dust cells (phagocytes) :
    removal of debris.
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13
Q

layers of the respiratory membrane (6)

A

Thin layer of fluid lining the alveolus
Alveolar epithelium (simple squamous epithelium
Basement membrane of the alveolar epithelium
Thin interstitial space
Basement membrane of the capillary endothelium
Capillary endothelium composed of simple squamous epithelium

(tissue surrounding alveoli contains elastic fibres that contribute to recoil).

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14
Q

describe inspiration

A

Inspiration: diaphragm, external intercostals, pectoralis minor, scalenes

Diaphragm: dome-shaped with base of dome attached to inner circumference of inferior thoracic cage. Central tendon: top of dome
Quiet inspiration: accounts for 2/3 of increase in size of thoracic volume. Inferior movement of central tendon and flattening of dome. Abdominal muscles relax

Other muscles: elevate ribs and costal cartilages allow lateral rib movement

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15
Q

describe expiration

A

Expiration: muscles that depress the ribs and sternum: abdominal muscles and internal intercostals.

Quiet expiration: relaxation of diaphragm and external intercostals

Labored breathing: all inspiratory muscles are active and contract more forcefully. Expiration is rapid

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16
Q

describe the two types of blood supply to the lungs

A
  1. Pulmonary artery brings deoxygenated blood to lungs from right side of heart to be oxygenated in capillary beds that surround the alveoli. Blood leaves via the pulmonary veins and returns to the left side of the heart.
  2. Oxygenated blood travels to the tissues of the bronchi. Bronchial arteries (branches of thoracic aorta) to capillaries. Part of this now deoxygenated blood exits through the bronchial veins to the azygous; part merges with blood of alveolar capillaries and returns to left side of heart.
    Blood going to left side of heart via pulmonary veins carries primarily oxygenated blood, but also some deoxygenated blood from the supply of the walls of the conducting and respiratory zone.
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17
Q

what are the types of pleura of the lungs

A

Visceral pleura: adherent to lung. Simple squamous epithelium, serous.

Parietal pleura: adherent to internal thoracic wall.

Pleural cavity surrounds each lung and is formed by the pleural membranes. Filled with pleural fluid.

Pleural fluid: acts as a lubricant and helps hold the two membranes close together (adhesion).
Mediastinum: central region, contains contents of thoracic cavity except for lungs.

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18
Q

what are the two lymphatic supplies to the lungs

A

superficial and deep lymphatic vessels. exit from hilus

Superficial drain superficial lung tissue and visceral pleura

Deep drain bronchi and associated C.T.

No lymphatics drain alveoli

19
Q

describe ventilation

A

Movement of air into and out of lungs
Air moves from area of higher pressure to area of lower pressure
Boyle’s Law: P = k/V, where P = gas pressure, V = volume, k = constant at a given temperature
If barometric pressure is greater than alveolar pressure, then air flows into the alveoli.
If diaphragm contracts, then size of alveoli increases. Remember P is inversely proportionate to V; so as V gets larger (when diaphragm contracts), then P in alveoli gets smaller.

20
Q

what makes up the conducting zone?

A 
nasal cavity
pharynx
trachea 
nose 
mouth 
larynx
lungs
21
Q

describe what pleura pressure is

A

Negative pressure can cause alveoli to expand

Alveoli expand when pleural pressure is low enough to overcome lung recoil

Pneumothorax is an opening between pleural cavity and air that causes a loss of pleural pressure

22
Q

define spirometry in the measurement of lung function

A

Spirometry: measures volumes of air that move into and out of respiratory system. Uses a spirometer

spirometry is used to diagnose specific respiratory diseases

23
Q

define tidal volume in measurement of lung function

A

Tidal volume (VT): amount of air inspired or expired with each breath. At rest: 500 mL

24
Q

define measurement of lung function

A

Inspiratory reserve volume: amount that can be inspired forcefully after inspiration of the tidal volume (3000 mL at rest)

25
Q

expiratory reserve volume of measurment of lung function

A

Expiratory reserve volume: amount that can be forcefully expired after expiration of the tidal volume (1100 mL at rest)

26
Q

define the residual volume for measurement of lung function

A

Residual volume: volume still remaining in respiratory passages and lungs after most forceful expiration (1200 mL)

27
Q

what are the types of pulmonary capacities

A

the sum of two or more pulmonary volumes

INSPIRATION CAPACITY - tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve volume

FUNCTIONAL RESIDUAL CAPACITY - expiratory reserve volume plus residual volume.

28
Q

what are the pulmonary capacities

A

vital capacity - sum of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume.

total lung capacity - sum of inspiratory and expiratory reserve volumes plus tidal volume and residual volume

29
Q

what are the two patterns of respiratory diseases

A
  1. obstructive
  2. restrictive

vital capacity and FEV1 (forced expiratory volume in 1 second) can be used to distinguish between the two.

30
Q

define minute ventilation

A

minute ventilation:

Minute ventilation: total air moved into and out of respiratory system each minute; tidal volume X respiratory rate

31
Q

respiratory rate (respiratory frequency; f)

A

number of breaths taken per minute (~12 breaths per minute)

32
Q

define anatomic dead space (Vd), and physiological dead space

A

Anatomic dead space (VD): formed by nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles (~150 ml)

Physiological dead space: anatomic dead space plus the volume of any alveoli in which gas exchange is less than normal (~0 ml in healthy lungs)

33
Q

define alveolar ventilation (VA): and maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV)

A

Alveolar ventilation (VA): volume of air available for gas exchange/minute = f (VT –VD)

Maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV): The maximum volume of air that can be breathed per minute by voluntary effort.

34
Q

define partial pressure

A

Partial pressure
The pressure exerted by each type of gas in a mixture

Dalton’s law: total pressure is the sum of the individual pressures of each gas.

Water vapor pressure: pressure exerted by gaseous water in a mixture of gases

Air in the respiratory system contains humidity because of the mucus lining the system

35
Q

define henrys law

A

Henry’s Law: Concentration of a gas in a liquid is determined by its partial pressure and its solubility coefficient

36
Q

define boyles law

A

the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume at a given temperature.

air flows from areas higher to lower pressure. when alveolar volume increases , causing pleural pressure to decrease below atmospheric pressure, air moves into the lungs. when alveolar volume decreases, causing pleural pressure to increase above atmospheric pressure, air moves out of the lungs.

37
Q

define daltons law

A

the partial pressure of a gas in a mixture of gases is the percentage of the gas in the mixture.

gas moves from areas of higher to lower partial pressure. the greater the difference in partial pressure between the two points, the greater the rate of gas movement. maintaining partial pressure differences ensures gas movement.

38
Q

define Henrys law

A

the concentration of a gas dissolved in a liquid is equal to the partial pressure of gas over the liquid times solubility coefficient of the gas.

only a small amount of the gases in air dissolves in the fluid lining the alveolar. carbon dioxide, however is 24 times more soluble than oxygen; therefore carbon dioxide exits through the respiratory membrane more readily than oxygen enters.

39
Q

what are the 4 physical principles of gas exchange

A
  1. Membrane thickness. The thicker, the lower the diffusion rate
  2. Diffusion coefficient of gas (measure of how easily a gas diffuses through a liquid or tissue). CO2 is 20 times more diffusible than O2
  3. Surface area. Diseases like emphysema and lung cancer reduce available surface area
  4. Partial pressure differences. Gas moves from an area of higher partial pressure to an area of lower partial pressure. Normally, partial pressure of oxygen is higher in the alveoli than in the blood. The opposite is usually true for carbon dioxide
40
Q

what is the relationship between alveolar ventilation and pulmonary capillary perfusion

A

Increased ventilation or increased pulmonary capillary blood flow increases gas exchange

Shunted blood: blood that is not completely oxygenated

Physiologic shunt is deoxygenated blood returning from lungs. Two sources:
Blood returning from bronchi bronchioles
Blood from capillaries around alveoli

Regional distribution of blood flow determined primarily by gravity, but can also be determined by alveolar PO2.

Low PO2 causes arterioles to constrict so that blood is shunted to a region of the lung where the alveoli are better ventilated.

In other tissues of the body, low PO2 causes arterioles to dilate to deliver more blood to the tissues.

41
Q

describe the movement of oxygen transport in the blood

A

Oxygen
Moves from alveoli into blood. Blood is almost completely saturated with oxygen when it leaves the pulmonary capillary

PO2 in blood decreases because of mixing with deoxygenated blood

Oxygen moves from tissue capillaries into the tissues

42
Q

describe the movement of carbon dioxide transport in the blood

A

carbon dioxide:

moves from tissues into tissue capillaries

moves from pulmonary capillaries into alveoli

43
Q

describe the haemoglobin and oxygen transport

A

Oxygen is transported by hemoglobin (98.5%) and is dissolved in plasma (1.5%)

Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve: describes the percentage of hemoglobin saturated with oxygen at any given PO2

The oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve at rest shows that hemoglobin is almost completely saturated when PO2 is 80 mm Hg or above.

At lower partial pressures, the hemoglobin releases oxygen.

44
Q

what is the Bohr effect

A

Effect of pH on oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve: as pH of blood decreases, the amount of oxygen bound to haemoglobin at any given PO2 also declines

Occurs because decreased pH yields an increase in H+ that combines with haemoglobin changing its shape and oxygen cannot bind to haemoglobin

physiology BMS162 (4 decks)

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