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Respiratory and urinary > Respiratory review > Flashcards

Respiratory review Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two portions that make up the respiratory tract? What happens in each portion?

A

Ventilation portion - where air moves

Respiratory portion - where gas is exchanged (AKA lung parenchyma)

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2
Q

Describe the pathway air takes when being inhaled from nares

A 
Nasal cavity
Nasopharynx 
Larynx 
Trachea
Primary bronchi 
Secondary bronchi
Tertiary bronchi 
Bronchioles 
Alveolar duct 
Alveoli
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3
Q

What defines a lung, lobe, primary and secondary lobule?

A 
Portion of tissue supplied by...
Lung - primary bronchi 
Lobe - secondary bronchi 
Lobule - tertiary bronchi 
Secondary lobule - terminal bronchioles
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4
Q

What is the difference between bronchi and bronchioles?

A

Bronchioles have no cartilage - made up of smooth muscle and elastic tissue
Bronchioles have no submucosal glands

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5
Q

What is different about lungs of the pig?

A

Marbled lobes

Lots of CT between lobules

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6
Q

What epithelium lines the respiratory tract?

A

Respiratory epithelium:

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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7
Q

What do terminal bronchiole supply?

A

Secondary lobules

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8
Q

What 3 cells are found in alveoli? What shape are they and what do these cells do?

A

Type I alveolocytes - simple squamous
Type II alveolocytes - cuboidal shape, produce surfactant
Alveolar macrophages - phagocytes to clear particles that evaded defence in URT

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9
Q

In embryology, what does the respiratory tract develop from?

A

Cardiac tube of foregut

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10
Q

Why are neonates prone to respiratory distress?

A

Respiratory development finishes after birth

Surfactant is produced after birth to lower surface tension

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11
Q

What are the 5 histological phases of respiratory embryology?

A 
Embryonic
Psuedoglandular 
Canalicular 
Terminal sac
Alveolar
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12
Q

What happens during the embryonic phase of respiratory embryology?

A

Segmental bronchi being to form

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13
Q

What happens during the pseudo glandular phase of respiratory embryology?

A

Vascularisation begins

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14
Q

What happens during the canalicular phase of respiratory embryology?

A

Further vascularisation and formation of bronchioles

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15
Q

What happens during the terminal sac phase of respiratory embryology?

A

Alveoli form
Cuboidal epithelium forms type I and type II alveolocytes
Surfactant production begins

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16
Q

What happens during the alveolar phase of respiratory embryology?

A

Increased surfactant production
Vessels associate with alveoli
(Phase continues after birth)

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17
Q

Air moves due to pressure differences. What causes the decreased pressure that causes inhalation? Is exhalation active or passive?

A

External intercostals and diaphragm contract
Expand thoracic cavity
Causes decreased pressure compared to atmospheric pressure –> inhalation
Mainly passive

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18
Q

What is the name of the reflex that stops inspiration? What is the purpose of this?

A

Hering-Breur reflex

Stop overinflation of lungs and damage elastic tissue that allows recoil

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19
Q

The lungs move during respiration. What attaches the lungs to the body wall?

A

Visceral pleura

20
Q

Where is the greatest resistance in the respiratory tract and why?

A

URT

Turbulent airflow

21
Q

What factors affect resistance to airflow?

A

Turbulence
Diameter
Length (increased length increases resistance)

22
Q

What factors does lung compliance depend on?

A

Surface tension

Elasticity

23
Q

What is the equation for partial pressure?

A

Pp = portion of gas X total pressure

24
Q

Is oxygen soluble? How can more oxygen be soluble?

A

Not very soluble but dissolves until equilibrium reached

To get more to dissolve need higher pressure gradient

25
Q

What happens to the partial pressure of oxygen as it travels from the atmosphere into the respiratory tract? What are the 2 reasons for this?

A

PP of O2 decreases

  1. Humidifies - need to take into account PP of H20
  2. In alveoli gas exchange is constant, so PP of O2 not always high
26
Q

What is the reversible equation for H2O + CO2?

A

H2O + CO2 –> H2CO3 –> H+ + HCO3-

27
Q

What is cooperative binding?

A

Binding of oxygen to haemoglobin changes the affinity for other molecules to bind
Same with offloading - easier to lose

28
Q

What affects offloading of oxygen from haemoglobin?

A

Temperature, pH, CO2, DPG

29
Q

What is DPG?

A

Molecule which adjusts haemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen

30
Q

Does oxygen saturation ever reach 100%?

A

No

31
Q

What are the 3 ways that carbon dioxide can be carried?

A

Bicarbonate ions (HCO3-)
Dissociated in plasma
Carbamino acids

32
Q

How does fast and deep breathing change concentration of CO2 in blood?

A

Decreases CO2 concentration
Shifts equation to right
Increases pH

33
Q

What is pH?

A

Log of H+

34
Q

What is the normal pH of blood? What is it outside of these ranges?

A

7.4
<7.35 = acidosis
>7.45 = alkalosis

35
Q

H+ has respiratory and metabolic origin. What are the 3 ways that control amount of H+ in the body?

A

Kidneys
Buffering
Lungs/ventilation

36
Q

When experiencing metabolic acidosis, how does breathing change?

A

Increases and more deeply to remove H+ ions

37
Q

During respiratory acidosis, what do the kidneys do to lower pH?

A

Form and retain bicarbonate ions for buffering

Excrete H+

38
Q

How is gas exchanged maximised?

A

Increase ventilation and perfusion

Ventilation:perfusion should be matched

39
Q

Which nervous system varies ventilation? Is this effective?

A

Autonomic NS

No - overwhelmed by local factors of lung

40
Q

How is blood flow to alveoli varied?

A

By hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction
Autonomic NS
Nitric oxide

41
Q

If blood flow speed increase, what does nitric oxide do?

A

Causes vasodilation

42
Q

What controls respiration? How?

A

Respiratory centre in medulla oblongata and pons
Have central and peripheral chemoreceptors and Hering-Breur receptors (stretch)
Conscious control
Joints and muscle receptors inform about exercise

43
Q

What do alpha and beta receptors do in terms of vessel size? (Same as in cardiovascular)

A

Alpha - vasoconstriction

Beta - vasodilation

44
Q

What causes the oxygen dissociation curve to shift left?

A

Decreased temperature
Decreased DPG
Decreased H+

45
Q

What causes the oxygen dislocation curve to shift right?

A

Increased temperature
Increased DPG
Increased H+

Respiratory and urinary (8 decks)

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