Respiratory pt 2 Flashcards
an incomplete expansion of the lung, a collapse of a part of the lung
atelectasis
accumulation of air in the pleural space. can open or closed
pneumothorax
progressive build up of air within the pleural space, usually due to a lung _________ which allows air to escape into the pleural space but not to _____. progressive build up of pressure in the pleural space will compress the lung and may be let out via _____ valve
tension pneumothorax
laceration
return
one way
pneumothorax clinical symptoms:
deviation of the ________ away from the side with the tension, diminished lung _____ and jugular vein _________
treatment: _______ decompression between ___ and ___ ribs or _________ placement
trachea
sound
distention
needle
2nd
3rd
chest tube
occurs in the absence in the absence of blunt or penetrating trauma
-presence of risk factors: _______ & _______
- rapid onset of symptoms. sharp, pleuritic ____ or _____ pain. often precipitated by ______ or ______
-clinical symptoms: decreased or absent _____ sounds on affected side. _______, ________.
treatment: maintain ______, support _______
monitor for __________. pleural decompression may be indicated if patient becomes ______, _____, and difficult to _______
-____ and ______ devation away from the affected side
spontaneous pneumothorax smoking, tall stature chest, shoulder coughing, lifting breath tachypnea, diaphoresis airway, breathing tension pnemothorax cyanotic, hypoxic, ventilate JVD, tracheal
usually smoking related neoplasm
- common malignant tumor in both men and women
- mortality from lung cancer in women exceeds ________
- genetic: __________ ( ) mutations often identified in non small cell carcinomas (chiefly _________) in never smokers
- industrial exposure to _____ and ______
classification: squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, large cell anaplastic carcinoma, and small cell carcinoma
lung carcinoma
epidermal growth factor receptor gene (EGFR)
adenocarcinoma
nickel, chromates
this is the most common type of lung cancer, which is thought to be derived from ____________ epithelium that develops to line the main _______ as a result of exposure to agents such as cigarette smoke
- tumors are typically central and close to the _____, frequently presenting with features related to ________ obstruction. compared with other types, they are relatively ______ growing, and they may be _______
- histologically, the tumors show a range of differentation from well differentiated lesions
squamous cell carcinoma metaplastic squamous bronchi carina bronchial slow re-sectable
this tumor is derived from glandular cells, such as ________ cells, ___ cells, or type ___ ________
- slowest rate of growth and it differs from other types of lung cancer because it is common in _____
- it can be linked to ____________ and characteristically develops as a peripheral tumor
- common cancer in non smokers
- these cancers have been associateed with mutations in the ______ and may be amendable to EGFR ________ inhibitors
adenocarcinoma mucous goblet, Clara, type II pneumocytes women passive cigarette smokers EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors
these high malignant tumors arise from the bronchial _________. they contain a few dense secretory granules that are also seen in greater numbers in bronchial ______ tumors. therefore, this carcinoma is thought to represent a type of _______ tumor.
- microscopically, the cells are ____ to ___, and have little ______. the nuclei are thought to resemble ___ grains, hence the alternative name. these tumors are usually ____ located, and they are associated with a rapid rate of growth. metastases are usually present at the time of diagnosis
treatment: ______
small cell (oat cell) carcinoma endocrine carcinoid neuroendocrine round, oval cytoplasm oat centrally chemo
this poorly differentiated tumor is thought to be of either _____ or ______ origin
lesions may be central or peripheral and they are comprised of large cells with nuclear __________ and frequent giant cell forms
- they have a ____ prognosis and are frequently widely disseminated at the time of diagnosis
large cell anaplastic carcinoma
squamous, adenocarcinoma
pleomorphism
poor
lung carcinoma: symptoms and treatment
___________: compression or invasion of the superior vena cava, resulting in _____ swelling and ____ along with dilation of the veins of the ____, ____, and _____ extremities
__________: involvement of the ____ of the lung, often with ________ (eyelid problems and inability to ____), due to involvement of the ______ sympathetic nervous system
- ________ from recurrent laryngeal nerve ______
- pleural _____, often bloody; bloody pleural effusion suggests ________, _____, or _______
superior vena cava syndrome facial cyanosis head, neck, upper extremities pancoast tumor (superior sulcus tumor) apex Horner eye syndrome sweat cervical hoarseness paralysis pleural effusion malignancy, TB, trauma
lung carcinoma symptoms and treatment
-pulmonary symptoms: most common types of presenting symptom including _____, ______, ____ pain and _________
- metastatic symptoms: metastatic spread is present in ___ of patients at presentation
-paraneoplastic endocrine syndroms, the most frequent of which is ________ hormone (__) or ____ like activity with _____ carcinonoma; also of note is the syndrome of inappropriate ________ secretion (____) with _____carcinoma of the lung and _______ like activity with _______ cell carcinoma
-diagnosis is through clinical features and imaging (____ x ray and ___ scans) and histological confirmation of the following:
______ and ___: ____ of pleural effusion
treatment: ______, _____, ______ and ____ inhibitors
cough, dyspnea, chest pain, hemoptysis adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) ACTH small cell antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) small cell parathyroid squamous chest, CT bronchoscopy and biopsy cytology chemo, radiation, surgery, tyrosine kinase inhibitors
