Respiratory Physiology V

Question 1

Hypercapnea

Answer 1

Excess of CO2 in the blood

Question 2

Hypocapnea

Answer 2

Deficiency of CO2 in the blood

Question 3

Hypercarbia

Answer 3

Excess of CO2 in the blood

Question 4

Hypocarbia

Answer 4

Deficiency of CO2 in the blood

Question 5

Hyperventilation

Answer 5

• Increased amount of air entering the alveoli
• Decreased CO2
• Respiratory alkylosis

Question 6

Hypoventilation

Answer 6

• Decreased amount of air entering the alveoli
• Increased CO2
• Respiratory acidosis

Question 7

Hypoxemia

Answer 7

Decreased arterial O2

Question 8

Hypoxia

Answer 8

Decrease in O2 delivery to, or utilized by, the tissues

Question 9

Hypoxic vasoconstriction

Answer 9

Alveolar hypoxia - vascular smooth muscle depolarization - Ca2+ channels open and calcium enters - vascular smooth muscle contraction

Question 10

Assessing CO2 levels

Answer 10

Arterial CO2 accurately affects alveolar CO2

Question 11

Assessing O2 levels

Answer 11

O2 in the capillary blood is affected by factors other than ventilation, so arterial O2 may not accurately reflect alveolar O2

Question 12

Hallmark of alveolar hypoventilation

Answer 12

increased CO2 and low O2

respiratory acidosis

Question 13

Causes of alveolar hypoventilation

Answer 13

bronchoconstriction
brachycephalic airway syndrome
increased anatomic deadspace (tracheal tubes)
anesthetic gases

Question 14

Hallmark of alveolar hyperventilation

Answer 14

decreased CO2 and increased O2

respiratory alkalosis

Question 15

Causes of alveolar hyperventilation

Answer 15

overzealous mechanical ventilation
pulmonary thromboembolism
excessive panting (tachypnea)

Question 16

5 major causes of hypoxemia

Answer 16

hypoventilation
low inspired O2
pulmonary diffusion impairment
right-left-shunts
ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) mismatch