Respiratory physiology part 1

Question 1

What are the different components of respiration?

Answer 1

external respiration - carbon dioxide and oxygen from the environment.
internal chemical reactions which occur in the cell.

Question 2

What are the components of the air?

Answer 2

nitrogen - 78%
oxygen - 21%
carbon dioxide - 0.3%

Question 3

Will an increase in altitude decrease or increase the partial pressure of oxygen?

Answer 3

decreases.

Question 4

Is oxygen more soluble in freshwater or salt water and by how much?

Answer 4

in fresh water by 20%.

Question 5

What determines the amount of gas dissolved?

Answer 5

an increase in pressure will increase the amount of pressure dissolved.
the quantity of gas dissolved in the solution is proportional to the solubility co-efficient.

Question 6

What are Fick’s law of diffusion?

Answer 6

gas moves down its partial pressure. 
the rate of diffusion depends on four factors:
- thickness 
- diffusion coefficient 
- SA 
- partial pressure of gas

Question 7

What are the enhancing factors of external respiration?

Answer 7

1 - bulk flow
2 - diffusion across respiratory surface
3 - bulk flow in circulatory system
4. - diffusion into tissues.

Question 8

What are the two types of flow?

Answer 8

• tidal breathing - bidirectional

- flow through breathing - unidirectional

Question 9

What are the different types of flow through systems?

Answer 9

concurrent - blood and external medium flow in the same direction
counter current - blood and external medium flow in opposite directions (most efficient and seen in fish)
cross current - blood and external medium flow in 90 degree angles (more efficient than concurrent and seen in birds).

Question 10

What is the structure of the gills?

Answer 10

gills have gill arches and each arch has two gill filaments which have lamellae.

Question 11

What are the mechanisms used to help assist gill ventilation?

Answer 11

• buccal pressure pump

- operculum suction pump

Question 12

What is the respiratory pathway?

Answer 12

nasal cavity —> larynx —> trachea —> terminal bronchi —> respiratory bronchi —> alveolar sac —> alveolis

Question 13

What are the features of the upper respiratory tract?

Answer 13

it is just the conduction zone, there is no gas exchange. it forms the anatomic dead space.

Question 14

What are the features of the lower respiratory tract?

Answer 14

this is the respiratory zone and it helps with gas exchange.

Question 15

What are the functions of the upper respiratory tract?

Answer 15

• humidify and condition air

- filtration from pathogens

Question 16

What are the different cell types in the alveoli?

Answer 16

there is type 1, type 2 cells and macrophages.

Question 17

What are the mammalian lungs surrounded by?

Answer 17

the intrapleural layers which includes the parietal and visceral layers. this separates the lungs from the thoracic wall.

Question 18

What is the intrapleural pressure (ppl)?

Answer 18

intraplueral pressure (space between the visceral and the parietal). pressure is negative.
during inspiration it it more negative whereas during expiration it is less negative.

Question 19

What is intra-alveolar pressure (palv)?

Answer 19

pressure in alveoli.
inspiration = minus 1
expiration = plus 1

Question 20

What is tranpulmonary pressure (ptp)?

Answer 20

this is the difference between alveolar pressure and intrapleural pressure.

Question 21

During ventilation what muscles are used?

Answer 21

inspiration:
- lung volume increases and pressure decreases. diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract.
expiration
- lung volume decreases and pressure increases. lungs recoil using elastic fibers.

Question 22

What is different with horse respiration?

Answer 22

horses have two inspiratory and two expiratory phases.

Question 23

What uses voluntary apnea?

Answer 23

diving animals.

Question 24

Define:
Eupnea
hyperpnea 
tachypnea
bradypnea 
polypnea
dyspnea
apnea

Answer 24

• normal breathing
• increases depth and frequency in breathing
• excessive rapid breathing
• slow breathing
• rapid and shallow breathing (panting)
• difficulty breathing, painful
• no breathing