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Anatomy - Respiratory system > Respiratory physiology > Flashcards

Respiratory physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the superior thoracic arpeture/inlet?

A

The area where the thoracic cavity communicates with neck a/upper limb

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2
Q

What is the superior thoracic aperture bound by?

A
  • T1 posteriorly,
  • 1st pair of ribs laterally
  • costal cartilage of the first rib + superior border of manubrium anteriorly
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3
Q

What is the inferior aperture bound by?

A
  • T12 posteriorly
  • 11th + 12th ribs laterally
  • costal cartilages of the 7th-10th rib + xiphersternal joint anteriorly
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4
Q

What are costovertebral joints?

A

head of rib articulates with demi facets of thoracic vertebrae
-synovial plane

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5
Q

What are costotranverse joints?

A

Tubercle of rib articulates with tranverse process of thoaracic vertebrae
-synovial plane

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6
Q

Why is the 1st rib considered atyptical?

A

It is flat and has a wide body and very short. It only has one articular facet which articulates with 1 vertebra (T1).

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7
Q

Describe the anterior and posterior groove of the 1st rib

A

Anterior groove: meets subclavian vein

Posterior groove: meets subclavian artery + lowest trunk of brachial plexus

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8
Q

State the 3 peripheral attachments of the diaphragm

A
  • Lumbar vertebrae and arcuate ligaments.
  • Costal cartilages of ribs 7-12.
  • Xiphoid process of the sternum.
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9
Q

State the central attachment of the diaphragm

A

central tendon

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10
Q

Where does the right crus arise?

A

The right crus arises from L1-L3

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11
Q

Where does the left crus arise?

A

From L1-L2 and their intervertebral discs

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12
Q

State the 3 openings of the diaphragm

A
  • T8: The caval opening which passes through the central tendon of the diaphragm. Allows passageway of inferior vena cava + right phrenic nerve
  • T10: The oesophageal hiatus, located in right crus + allows passageway of oesophagus and vagus nerve
  • T12: The aortic hiatus, located inbetween the L+R crus. Allows passageway of aorta, azygos vein + hemiazygos vein & thoracic duct.
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13
Q

Describe the sensory and motor functions of the phrenic nerve

A

Motor functions: innervates diaphragm from its inferior surface
Sensory functions: supplies central part of diaphragm + innervated by sensory fibres of intercosta nerves T7-T12

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14
Q

What is the upper/lower RT?

A

Upper: parts of RS above sternal angle/above circoid cartilage: Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx
Lower: trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs(alveoli)

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15
Q

Where is the Larnyx located + what is it innervated by?

A

-anterior neck between C3-C6 + is innervated by vagus nerve

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16
Q

What is the bone that is attached to the larynx?

A

Hyoid bone

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17
Q

What vertebral level does the trachea start?

A

-C6

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18
Q

What cartilages forms the laryngeal prominence? State the vertebral level

A
  • Thyroid cartilage

- C5

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19
Q

State distinguishable features of the Left and Right lung

A

Right lung:

  • 3 lobes ( superior, inferior, middle lobe)
  • Horizontal and oblique fissure.
  • shorter + broader due to liver
  • eparterial/hypoarterial bronchus

Left lung:

  • 2 lobes ( Lingula, inferior lobe)
  • Oblique fissure
  • cardiac notch
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20
Q

State the smooth muscle found in posterior wall of trachea

A

-Trachealis muscle

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21
Q

State the vertebral level of the carina ( where bifurcation of trachea occurs

A

-T4

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22
Q

Right bronchi vs Left bronchi

A

The right bronchi is shorter, and wider and more vertical. It also divides before it enters lung unlike the left.

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23
Q

What cartilages are attached to the vocal cords?

A

Arytenoid cartilage + Thyroid cartilage

24
Q

State the function of the epiglottis

A

prevents aspirated foods/fluid from entering laryngeal inlet

25
Q

Where is the esophogus?

A

Posterior to the trachea

26
Q

What arteries arch above the left main bronchus?

A

Arch of aorta + pulmonary artery

27
Q

What 4 structures makeup the root of the lung?

A

Main bronchi, pulmonary artery, inferior/superior pulmonary vein

28
Q

What fascial membrane covers the apex of the lung?

A

suprapleural membrane

29
Q

Where are the tracheobronchial and bronchopulmonary lymph nodes located?

A

Tracheobronchial:trachea, bronchi and lungs
Bronchopulmonary: located at hilum of lungs

30
Q

State the transition that occurs from bronch/trachea- bronchioles

A

Trachea/bronchi have plated of cartilage(hyaline), goblet cels and glands
-Bronchioles have no cartilage/glands/goblet cells and its epethelium is columnar>cubodial>squamous(alveolI)

31
Q

Which bones articulate with the manubrium in a suprolateral manner? State the name and type of joint

A
  • The clavicles
  • Sterno-clavicular joint
  • synovial saddle
32
Q

What is the name given to the median notch formed by the superior border of the manubrium?

A

Sternal notch

33
Q

At what vertebral level is the xiphoid process located?

A

T10

34
Q

At what level is the sternomanubrial joint located?

A

T4

35
Q

Which parts of the sternum do the facets for 2nd costal cartilage articulate?

A

At the sterna angle

36
Q

What structures lie in the costal groove ( 3-9th ribs=typical ribs)

A

Intercostal vein, artery, nerve

37
Q

Which ribs are true ribs?

A

1-7th

-ribs directly attached to the sternum

38
Q

Which ribs are false ribs?

A

8-10th

-ribs indirectly attached to sternum through attachment to costal cartilages

39
Q

Which ribs are floating ribs?

A
  • 11th-12th

- ribs not directly attached to sternum

40
Q

Which ribs/costa cartilages form the costal margin and subcostal angle?

A

Costal margin: 1st

Subcostal angle: 7th-10th

41
Q

What is the muscle, muscle fibre orientation for: Superficial layer, intermediate layer, deep layer

A

Superficial layer: External int muscle (inferomedial=downwards and upwards)
Intermediate layer: Internal int muscle (inferolateral=downwards and outwards)
Deep layer:Innermost int muscle (inferolateral)

42
Q

Which structures comprise the neurovascular bed?

A
  • located between internal and innermost layer. In intercostal groove of rib
  • vein, artery, nerve
43
Q

State the location for placement of a chest drain?

A

5th intercostal space in midaxillary line. It will be inseted through superior part of rib to prevent damaging neurovascular structures

44
Q

State the type of epethelium in the trachea and alveoli

A

Trachea: pseudostratified epethelium
Alveoli: squamous epethelium

45
Q

State the tissue layer in RT that are secreting glands + the type of glands

A

sub mucosa ; seromucous glands

46
Q

At the sterbal angle, C4 dermatome lies immediately above T2 instead of C5. What explains this ‘‘discontiuity’ between the dermatomes on the chest wall of this level?

A

C5-T1(brachial plexus) suppies the arm

47
Q

How many intercostal spaces difference is there between the inferior border of the lung and parietal pleura ?

A

2

48
Q

Which of the domes lies more superior during norma expiration + why?

A

Right dome lies more superior due to the presence of the liver

49
Q

Which vertebrae are the left and right crura attached?

A

L1(L) and L2(R)

50
Q

Which membrane covers the superior surface of diaphragm?

A

diaphragmatic parietal pleura

51
Q

Which part of the sternum is the diaphragm attached?

A

xiphoid process

52
Q

State the vertebrall levels where the opening for the: inferior cava, oesophogus, aorta

A

Opening for inferior cava: T8
Opening for oesophogus: T10
Opening for aorta: T12

53
Q

The oblique fissue and horizontal fissue follows the course/lies on level of which ribs?

A

Oblique: 6th rib

Horizontal fissue: 4th rib

54
Q

The posterior border of each lung extends from which vertebral levels?

A

C7-T10

55
Q

What is the pharynx composed of? state the type of epethelium it is lined by

A
  • Lined by cilated pseudostratified columnar epethelium

- Nasopharynx, orpharynx(tonsils and tongue)

56
Q

What is the larynx composed of?

A
  • 9 cartilages
    Unpaired:epiglottis, thyroid cartilage(laryngeal eminency makes up adam’s apple) and circoid cartilage
    -Paired: arytenoid cartilages, corniticulate and cuneiform cartilages
  • Two membranes: thyrohyoid cartilage

Anatomy - Respiratory system (1 decks)

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