Respiratory physiology Flashcards by Andile ngwenya

What is the superior thoracic arpeture/inlet?

The area where the thoracic cavity communicates with neck a/upper limb

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What is the superior thoracic aperture bound by?

T1 posteriorly,
1st pair of ribs laterally
costal cartilage of the first rib + superior border of manubrium anteriorly

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What is the inferior aperture bound by?

T12 posteriorly
11th + 12th ribs laterally
costal cartilages of the 7th-10th rib + xiphersternal joint anteriorly

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What are costovertebral joints?

head of rib articulates with demi facets of thoracic vertebrae
-synovial plane

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What are costotranverse joints?

Tubercle of rib articulates with tranverse process of thoaracic vertebrae
-synovial plane

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Why is the 1st rib considered atyptical?

It is flat and has a wide body and very short. It only has one articular facet which articulates with 1 vertebra (T1).

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Describe the anterior and posterior groove of the 1st rib

Anterior groove: meets subclavian vein

Posterior groove: meets subclavian artery + lowest trunk of brachial plexus

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State the 3 peripheral attachments of the diaphragm

Lumbar vertebrae and arcuate ligaments.
Costal cartilages of ribs 7-12.
Xiphoid process of the sternum.

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State the central attachment of the diaphragm

central tendon

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Where does the right crus arise?

The right crus arises from L1-L3

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Where does the left crus arise?

From L1-L2 and their intervertebral discs

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State the 3 openings of the diaphragm

T8: The caval opening which passes through the central tendon of the diaphragm. Allows passageway of inferior vena cava + right phrenic nerve
T10: The oesophageal hiatus, located in right crus + allows passageway of oesophagus and vagus nerve
T12: The aortic hiatus, located inbetween the L+R crus. Allows passageway of aorta, azygos vein + hemiazygos vein & thoracic duct.

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Describe the sensory and motor functions of the phrenic nerve

Motor functions: innervates diaphragm from its inferior surface
Sensory functions: supplies central part of diaphragm + innervated by sensory fibres of intercosta nerves T7-T12

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What is the upper/lower RT?

Upper: parts of RS above sternal angle/above circoid cartilage: Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx
Lower: trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs(alveoli)

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Where is the Larnyx located + what is it innervated by?

-anterior neck between C3-C6 + is innervated by vagus nerve

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What is the bone that is attached to the larynx?

Hyoid bone

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What vertebral level does the trachea start?

-C6

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What cartilages forms the laryngeal prominence? State the vertebral level

Thyroid cartilage

- C5

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State distinguishable features of the Left and Right lung

Right lung:

3 lobes ( superior, inferior, middle lobe)
Horizontal and oblique fissure.
shorter + broader due to liver
eparterial/hypoarterial bronchus

Left lung:

2 lobes ( Lingula, inferior lobe)
Oblique fissure
cardiac notch

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State the smooth muscle found in posterior wall of trachea

-Trachealis muscle

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State the vertebral level of the carina ( where bifurcation of trachea occurs

-T4

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Right bronchi vs Left bronchi

The right bronchi is shorter, and wider and more vertical. It also divides before it enters lung unlike the left.

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What cartilages are attached to the vocal cords?

Arytenoid cartilage + Thyroid cartilage

State the function of the epiglottis

prevents aspirated foods/fluid from entering laryngeal inlet

Where is the esophogus?

Posterior to the trachea

What arteries arch above the left main bronchus?

Arch of aorta + pulmonary artery

What 4 structures makeup the root of the lung?

Main bronchi, pulmonary artery, inferior/superior pulmonary vein

What fascial membrane covers the apex of the lung?

suprapleural membrane

Where are the tracheobronchial and bronchopulmonary lymph nodes located?

Tracheobronchial:trachea, bronchi and lungs Bronchopulmonary: located at hilum of lungs

State the transition that occurs from bronch/trachea- bronchioles

Trachea/bronchi have plated of cartilage(hyaline), goblet cels and glands -Bronchioles have no cartilage/glands/goblet cells and its epethelium is columnar>cubodial>squamous(alveolI)

Which bones articulate with the manubrium in a suprolateral manner? State the name and type of joint

- The clavicles - Sterno-clavicular joint - synovial saddle

What is the name given to the median notch formed by the superior border of the manubrium?

Sternal notch

At what vertebral level is the xiphoid process located?

T10

At what level is the sternomanubrial joint located?

Which parts of the sternum do the facets for 2nd costal cartilage articulate?

At the sterna angle

What structures lie in the costal groove ( 3-9th ribs=typical ribs)

Intercostal vein, artery, nerve

Which ribs are true ribs?

1-7th | -ribs directly attached to the sternum

Which ribs are false ribs?

8-10th | -ribs indirectly attached to sternum through attachment to costal cartilages

Which ribs are floating ribs?

- 11th-12th | - ribs not directly attached to sternum

Which ribs/costa cartilages form the costal margin and subcostal angle?

Costal margin: 1st | Subcostal angle: 7th-10th

What is the muscle, muscle fibre orientation for: Superficial layer, intermediate layer, deep layer

Superficial layer: External int muscle (inferomedial=downwards and upwards) Intermediate layer: Internal int muscle (inferolateral=downwards and outwards) Deep layer:Innermost int muscle (inferolateral)

Which structures comprise the neurovascular bed?

- located between internal and innermost layer. In intercostal groove of rib - vein, artery, nerve

State the location for placement of a chest drain?

5th intercostal space in midaxillary line. It will be inseted through superior part of rib to prevent damaging neurovascular structures

State the type of epethelium in the trachea and alveoli

Trachea: pseudostratified epethelium Alveoli: squamous epethelium

State the tissue layer in RT that are secreting glands + the type of glands

sub mucosa ; seromucous glands

At the sterbal angle, C4 dermatome lies immediately above T2 instead of C5. What explains this ''discontiuity' between the dermatomes on the chest wall of this level?

C5-T1(brachial plexus) suppies the arm

How many intercostal spaces difference is there between the inferior border of the lung and parietal pleura ?

Which of the domes lies more superior during norma expiration + why?

Right dome lies more superior due to the presence of the liver

Which vertebrae are the left and right crura attached?

L1(L) and L2(R)

Which membrane covers the superior surface of diaphragm?

diaphragmatic parietal pleura

Which part of the sternum is the diaphragm attached?

xiphoid process

State the vertebrall levels where the opening for the: inferior cava, oesophogus, aorta

Opening for inferior cava: T8 Opening for oesophogus: T10 Opening for aorta: T12

The oblique fissue and horizontal fissue follows the course/lies on level of which ribs?

Oblique: 6th rib | Horizontal fissue: 4th rib

The posterior border of each lung extends from which vertebral levels?

C7-T10

What is the pharynx composed of? state the type of epethelium it is lined by

- Lined by cilated pseudostratified columnar epethelium | - Nasopharynx, orpharynx(tonsils and tongue)

What is the larynx composed of?

- 9 cartilages Unpaired:epiglottis, thyroid cartilage(laryngeal eminency makes up adam's apple) and circoid cartilage -Paired: arytenoid cartilages, corniticulate and cuneiform cartilages - Two membranes: thyrohyoid cartilage