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Physiology 2001 > Respiratory Physiology > Flashcards

Respiratory Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

There are 3 lobes in the _____ lung and 2 lobes in the _____ lung. This is so that there is room for the______

A

Right Lung
Left Lung
Heart

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2
Q

What are the functions of the pleural membrane

A

Reduce Friction
Creation of a pressure gradient
Compartmentalisation

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3
Q

What are the functions of the conducting regions of the lungs?

A

Warm and humidify air
Distribute the gas
Serve as part of the body’s defense system

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4
Q

What is the function of the respiratory regions of the lungs?

A

Provide a site for gas exchange

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5
Q

What is the value of atmospheric pressure?

A

760 mmHg

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6
Q

The pressure in the pleural cavity is _________. This is because the visceral layer is being pulled towards the lungs due to the _______ properties of the lung and the parietal layer is being pulled towards the ___________.

A

Negative

Elastic property of the lungs
Chest wall

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7
Q

When _____________ is less than the _________ pressure air will flow down it’s pressure gradient into the lungs

A

Pa (Alveolar Pressure)

Atmospheric

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8
Q

What is Tidal volume (TV)?

A

The amount of air you ventilate normally, around 500ml

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9
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?

A

The amount of air you can force yourself to breathe in

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10
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?

A

The amount of air you can force yourself to breathe out

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11
Q

What is residual volume (RV)?

A

The amount of air that stays in your lungs at all times,

FRC - ERV

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12
Q

What is vital capacity (VC)?

A

The amount of air you can move in and out of your lungs

IRV + TV + ERV

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13
Q

What is functional residual capacity (FRC)?

A

The volume of air left in the lungs after passive expiration, this usually changes with disease

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14
Q

What is anatomical dead space? (Vd)

A

Air in the respiratory passage way that doesn’t participate in respiration, usually 150mL

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15
Q

How do you calculate alveolar ventilation?

A

(Tidal Volume - Dead Space) x breathing frequency

(TV - Vd) x freq

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16
Q

Compliance is the ability of a hollow organ to ________ and ________. ______________opposes the expansion therefore the more _____ the harder it is to distend.

A

Distend and expand
Elastic recoil
recoil

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17
Q

How do you calculate Compliance?

A

Change in Volume / Change in Pressure

ΔV / ΔP

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18
Q

Compliance varies __________ with Lung volume. High volume = ____________. Low volume = ___________

A

Inversely

High V = low Compliance
Low V = High Compliance

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19
Q

Obstructive lung diseases affect the ________ regions of the lung. They inhibit _________ and ________ compliance.

A

Conducting regions
Inhibit gas flow
Increase compliance

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20
Q

Restrictive lung diseases affect the __________ by replacing it with ________ tissue. It ________ compliance.

A

Lung tissue
Fibrous
Decreases compliance

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21
Q

Why does compliance increase in Obstructive lung disease?

A

Gas gets trapped in the lung which increases the residual volume. This means that the lung is expanded more so we get decreased elasticity

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22
Q

Why does compliance decrease in Restrictive lung disease?

A

Healthy lung tissue is replace by non-elastic fibrous tissue. This means the lungs are harder to inflate.

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23
Q

What factors affect lung compliance?

A

Elastic recoil of the chest wall
Elastic recoil of the lungs
Surface tension of the alveoli

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24
Q

Surface tension is an _________ directed force and tends to ________ alveolar diameter

A

Inwardly directed

Reduce alveolar diameter

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25
Q

____ of the work needed to inflate the lung is dedicated to overcoming the _____________________.

A

2/3

Air-liquid interface surface tension

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26
Q

Surfactant _______ the surface tension at the liquid-air interface. This means that air will flow ______ into each alveolus

A

Reduces surface tension

Evenly

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27
Q

Surfactant is a _________ rich in phospholipids. It is also called ______. It is produces by the ______ alveolar cells.

A

Lipoprotein
DPPC
Type 2 alveolar cells

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28
Q

What substances cause bronchoconstriction?

A

Acetylcholine and Histamine

29
Q

What substances cause bronchodilation?

A

Adrenaline and noradrenaline

30
Q

The residual volume prevents ____________ and ensures _______________

A

Lungs from collapsing

Ensures continuous gas exchange

31
Q

What is the normal value of FEV1/FVC?

A

80%

32
Q

What disease is most likely if FEV1/FVC is around 40% ?

A

Obstructive Lung Disease, this is because lung volume is high but the rate at which they can exhale in 1 second is low

33
Q

What disease is most likely if FEV1/FVC is around 90% ?

A

Restrictive Lung Disease, this is because the lung volume is low but the rate at which they can exhale in 1 second is high

34
Q

How do you calculate the partial pressure of a gas?

A

Barometric Pressure x fraction of dry gas Pb x [fraction of dry gas]
i.e. fraction of oxygen = 0.21
.’. Partial Pressure = 760 x 0.21
= 160 mmHg

35
Q

What is the partial pressure of Alveolar CO2?

A

40 mmHg

36
Q

What is the partial pressure of Alveolar O2?

A

104 mmHg

37
Q

What factors affect diffusion of gases?

A

Surface Area
Partial Pressure gradient
Thickness of membrane
Diffusion Coefficient (Takes into account solubility)

38
Q

What is the partial pressure of CO2 in the capillaries?

A

45mmHg

39
Q

What is the partial pressure of O2 in the capillaries?

A

40mmHg

40
Q

What is the thickness of the alveolar membrane?

A

0.2 - 0.6 um

41
Q

When oxygen binds to haemoglobin a _______________ occurs which makes subsequent oxygen molecules ________ to bind

A

Conformational change

Easier

42
Q

At high temperatures, ________ of oxygen is promoted

A

Offloading of O2 is promoted

43
Q

At low temperature, _________ of oxygen is promoted

A

Retention of O2 is promoted

44
Q

At low blood pH, there is __________ affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen. This ________ offloading

A

Reduced affinity

Increases offloading

45
Q

At high blood pH, there is ___________ affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen. This _______ offloading

A

Increased affinity

Decreases offloading

46
Q

At high partial pressures of CO2, there is ___________ affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen. This _______ offloading

A

Reduced affinity

Increases offloading

47
Q

At low partial pressures of CO2, there is _________ affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen. This ________ offloading.

A

Increased affinity

Decreases offloading

48
Q

CO2 binds to the _________ on the haemoglobin therefore it __________ with oxygen

A

Amino group

Doesn’t compete

49
Q

What is the Alveolar Gas Equation?

A

Alveolar Partial Pressure of O2 = Inspirired Partial Pessure of O2 - (Alveolar Partial Pressure of CO2 / Respiratory Quotient)

PaO2 = PiO2 - (PaCO2/RQ)

PiO2 = (760 - 47) x [fraction of gas]

50
Q

At rest consumption of oxygen is approximately what?

A

250ml/min

51
Q

At rest the production of carbon dioxide is approximately what?

A

200ml/min

52
Q

The main respiratory centers, the ___________________ and the ___________________, are found in the _________

A

Dorsal respiratory group and the Ventral respiratory group

Medulla

53
Q

The Pre-Botzinger complex is located ________________

A

Above the ventral respiratory group

54
Q

There are 2 respiratory centers in the pons, they are the ________________ and the __________ centers

A

Pneumotaxic and Apneustic

55
Q

Cells in the pre-botzinger complex _______ spontaneously and stimulate the __________________. The neurons in this group will fire for about __ seconds and cause the diaphragm to contract

A

Depolarise
Dorsal Respiratory Group
2 seconds

56
Q

As more neurons in the DRG are stimulated the contraction of the ___________, increases. This results in ________ and ________ breathing

A

Diaphragm

Smooth and controlled

57
Q

The ____________ in the __________ area controls the rate and depth of breathing and prevents over stretching of the lungs by sending ________ signals to the DRG

A

Nucleus Parabrachialis in the Pneumotaxic area

Inhibitory

58
Q

The Apneustic Area coordinates the transition from __________ to __________ by sending simulatory signals to the ____ to prolong inspiration

A

The transition from inspiration to expiration

DRG

59
Q

When the pneumotaxic area is active the _________ area is inactive

A

Apneustic area

60
Q

The ________ respiratory group is ________ during normal inspiration. It gives extra ________ drive

A

Ventral Respiratory Group
Inactive
Extra respiratory drive

61
Q

During laboured breathing the signals from the ___________ spill over to the ____. This group then sends signals to the intercostals and ________ muscles to contract

A

Pre-botzinger complex
Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG)
Abdominal muscles

62
Q

The central chemoreceptors are a pair of ________ groups of cells located below the __________________. The detect changes in the ___ (in the CSF)

A

Bilateral
Ventral medulla surface
pH

63
Q

Peripheral chemoreceptors are located in the ______ and _____ bodies. The detect changes in ____ (mainly), ___ and __.

A 
Carotid or Aortic
P O2 (Partial Pressure of O2), PCO2 and pH
64
Q

A large ________ in P O2 is required before the _______ chemo-receptors start to fire

A

Decrease

Peripheral

65
Q

A steady state period is when ________ has increased but leveled

A

Ventilation

66
Q

What is the Hering-Breuer Inflation reflex?

A

A protective mechanism that prevents over inflation of the lungs.
Stretch receptors in the smooth muscle of the conducting regions relay information about the volume inside the airways

67
Q

What is the Irritant receptor reflex?

A

Response to touch or noxious substances by pressure and chemo-receptors. Causes coughing, gasping and prolonged inspiration.

68
Q

What volumes/capacities can’t be measured using spirometry?

A

Residual Volume
Functional Residual Capacity
Total Lung Volume

69
Q

What is the secondary function of the Pneumotaxic area?

A

Increasing breathing frequency, inhibitory signals stop the ramp signal sort which means more can occur in a shorter period of time .’. Faster breathing rate

Physiology 2001 (7 decks)

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