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biology 224 > Respiratory Physiology > Flashcards

Respiratory Physiology Flashcards

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0
Q

Diffusion

A

From high concentration/partial pressure to low concentration/partial pressure

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1
Q

Main mechanism for delivery of O2 to cells

A

Diffusion

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2
Q

Convection

A

Movement with a bulk of fluid down stream

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3
Q

How does O2 move around body?

A

Through movement of heart and lungs

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4
Q

Ficks law of diffusion. What happens as area increase and as thickness increases

A

Increase of area=increase diffusion

Increase in thickness=decrease diffusion

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5
Q

What happens if pressure difference is zero in ficks law?

A

No diffusion occurs

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6
Q

Partial pressure of oxygen atmosphere?
Partial pressure muscle?
Frog tissue diffusion

A

160MmHg

30mmHg

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7
Q

Distance inside tissue where O2 partial pressure reaches 30mmHg is:

A

1mm

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8
Q

Diffusion is sufficient I’m small animals such as?

A

Rotifers

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9
Q

O2 requirement increase with mass. What else increases and what decreases?

A

Diffusion distance and surface area, respectively

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10
Q

As animals get larger what do they require to facilitate diffusion?

A

Respiratory organs with short diffusion distance and large surface area

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11
Q

Convection

A

Bulk transport breathing movements

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12
Q

What influences the gas-transfer system structure?

A

Properties of the medium

Requirements of the animals

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13
Q

What animal has most efficient respiratory system?

A

Fish. Not birds.

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14
Q

What is the total atmospheric pressure and its composition

A

760mmHg
N2 600mmHg
O2 160mmHg

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15
Q

What does high altitude reduce?

A

Atm. pressure. Not % of O2 in the atm.

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16
Q

What happens as water temperature rises?

A

Solubility of O2 decreases

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17
Q

What fluctuates in water?

A

% of dissolved O2. Highest in after noon. From 6-18 hours is when photosynthesis best occurs

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18
Q

Animals under what size can rely on simple diffusion?

A

Animals under 1mm

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19
Q

Gas exchanger in fish?

In mammals?

A

Secondary lamella

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20
Q

What covers the lungs?

A

Pleural sac

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21
Q

What makes up the pleural sac

A 
Outer parietal pleura 
Pleural cavity filled with intramural fluid
Visceral pleura (inner)
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22
Q

What does boyles law state?

A

As volume increases pressure decreases and vice versa

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23
Q

What happens to lungs, diaphragm and muscles during inhalation?

A

Diaphragm contracts and moves down.
External intercostal muscles contract and lift rib cage up and out.
Lung volume expands

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24
Q

What happens to lungs, diaphragm during exhalation?

A

Diaphragm and intercostal muscles resting to resting positrons. Rib cage moves down and lungs recoil passively

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25
Q

How much is TLC in humans?

A

~5.7 L

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26
Q

How much in TV in humans?

A

Resting TV (0.5 L)

27
Q

How much is FRC volume in humans?

A

~2.2L

28
Q

How much is RV in humans ?

A

(1.2 L)

29
Q

How much is VC in humans?

A

(~4.5) L

30
Q

Fish gills what kind of flow?

A

Continuous flow

31
Q

What kind of mechanism do bony and cartilaginous fish have?

A

Double pumping system

32
Q

In fish, what acts as a passive flap valve?

A

Mouth and opercular flap

33
Q

Bird have what kind of airflow

A

Continuous flow of air in one direction

34
Q

Direction of air of bird exhalation

A

Posterior air sacs to lungs to anterior air sacs to trachea

35
Q

How many cycles of inhilation and exhalation in birds

A

2

36
Q

Where does air go in first inhalation of birds

A

Posterior sacs

37
Q

Where does air go in first exhalation of birds

A

Bronchi in lungs

38
Q

What contracts in first exhalation of birds

A

Anterior and posterior sacs

39
Q

When does air become deoxygenated in birds?

A

When it’s passes bronchi of lungs

40
Q

What’s different about bird lungs than other lungs

A

The don’t expand; they are rigid

41
Q

When does gas exchange occur in birds

A

Always since there is always fresh air in their system

42
Q

What do the anterior air sacs of birds always have?

A

Deoxygenated air

43
Q

How big is diameter of paran eunuchs of birds

A

~0.5 mm

44
Q

What is the surface area of a parabronchus of a bird like?

A

Lots of surface are to facilitate diffusion

45
Q

What type of current is flood flow in birds?

A

Cross current (90°)

46
Q

What is the direction of gas flow through parabronchi?

A

Unidirectional, not tidal

47
Q

What is airflow driven by?

A

Changes in pressure within the respiratory system

48
Q

What are the three pAtterns of gas transfer?

A

Countercurrent-fish
Crosscurrent-avian lungs
Uniform pool-mammalian lungs

49
Q

What type of gas exchange do amphibians have on skin

A

Open ( cutaneous)

50
Q

What is the form of trachea In insects

A

Internal tubes that branch off almost to the cellular level

51
Q

What are spiracles

A

Opening of trachea at body surfaces
Have opening and closing mechanisms
Some aquatic insects lack them

52
Q

What do the taenidium do?

A

Prevent collapse of trachea

53
Q

How is ventilation occur in insects

A

Changing shapes in tracheal system. Collapse and expansion of air sacs

54
Q

What do insects that dive carry?

A

Short term bobble of air (physical gill)

Collects O2 from air

55
Q

What is a plastron and what does it do?

A

A film of air outside the body held by specialized structures.
Constant volume
Functions as a gill so the insects does not need to surface

56
Q

What is a tracheal gill?

A

Closed tracheal system

Oxygen diffusion across a very thin cuticle

57
Q

What is hemoglobin

A

A protein in blood that binds to 4 O2 molecules

58
Q

How many ml of O2 can combine with 1g of hemoglobin?

A

1.39

59
Q

In humans, how much hemoglobin per 100ml of blood?

A

15g

60
Q

How much O2 can blood carry at arterial PO2

A

21.15 ml O2/ 100ml of blood

61
Q

What is the structure of hemoglobin?

A

2 alpha polypeptide chains
2 beta polypeptide chains

Each chain has a heme group

62
Q

What happens as the partial pressure of O2 increases?

A

Oxygen saturation Increases

Binding of O2 in one site of hemoglobin increases affinity of other sites

63
Q

What affects the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen?

A

Temperature
pH
Co2

64
Q

What does hemoglobin favor?

A

Oxygen binding in resp epithelia and oxygen release in tissues

biology 224 (2 decks)

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